# Multi-wavelength Raman Spectroscopy of Ultra-narrow Nanoribbons Made by Solution-mediated Bottom-up Approach

## TL;DR

This study combines experimental and theoretical multi-wavelength Raman spectroscopy with ab initio simulations to analyze ultra-narrow graphene nanoribbons, revealing how edge functionalization affects their vibrational spectra and structural insights.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive understanding of how edge morphology and functional groups influence Raman spectra of GNRs, advancing their characterization methods.

## Key findings

- Functional groups cause dispersion in the D peak (8-22 cm-1/eV).
- G peak shows minimal dispersion except with poor edge control.
- Raman spectroscopy effectively characterizes GNR structure and functionalization.

## Abstract

Here we present a combined experimental and theoretical study of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), where detailed multi-wavelength Raman measurements are integrated by accurate ab initio simulations. Our study covers several ultra-narrow GNRs, obtained by means of solution-based bottom-up synthetic approach, allowing to rationalize the effect of edge morphology, position and type of functional groups as well as the length on the GNR Raman spectrum. We show that the low-energy region, especially in presence of bulky functional groups is populated by several modes, and a single radial breathing-like mode cannot be identified. In the Raman optical region, we find that, except for the fully-brominated case, all GNRs functionalized at the edges with different side groups show a characteristic dispersion of the D peak (8-22 cm-1/eV). This has been attributed to the internal degrees of freedom of these functional groups, which act as dispersion-activating defects. The G peak shows small to negligible dispersion in most of the cases, with larger values only in presence of poor control of the edges functionalization, exceeding the values reported for highly defected graphene. In conclusion, we have shown that the characteristic dispersion of the G and D peaks offer further insight on the GNR structure and functionalization, by making Raman spectroscopy an important tool for the characterization of GNRs.