# Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of supernova ejecta with a central energy source

## TL;DR

This study uses 3D relativistic hydrodynamic simulations to explore how different levels of central energy injection influence supernova ejecta structure and observable features.

## Contribution

It demonstrates how varying injected energies alter supernova ejecta morphology, highlighting potential observational differences linked to central engine activity.

## Key findings

- High energy injection causes hot bubble breakout and clumpy ejecta.
- Lower energy injection results in well-stratified outer envelopes.
- Different energy levels may explain diverse supernova spectral features.

## Abstract

We present the results of three-dimensional special relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of supernova ejecta with a powerful central energy source. We assume spherical supernova ejecta freely expanding with the initial kinetic energy of $10^{51}$ erg. We performed two simulations with different total injected energies of $10^{51}$ and $10^{52}$ erg to see how the total injected energy affects the subsequent evolution of the supernova ejecta. When the injected energy well exceeds the initial kinetic energy of the supernova ejecta, the hot bubble produced by the additional energy injection overwhelms and penetrates the whole supernova ejecta, resulting in clumpy density structure. For the smaller injected energy, on the other hand, the energy deposition stops before the hot bubble breakout occurs, leaving the outer envelope well-stratified. This qualitative difference may indicate that central engine powered supernovae could be observed as two different populations, such as supernovae with and without broad-line spectral features, depending on the amount of the total injected energy with respect to the initial kinetic energy.