# A numerical approach to the non-uniqueness problem of cosmic ray two-fluid equations at shocks

## TL;DR

This paper examines the non-uniqueness issues in modeling cosmic ray two-fluid equations at shocks and proposes a robust numerical method that reduces dependence on discretization details, emphasizing the importance of subgrid closure for accurate shock physics.

## Contribution

It introduces a numerical approach that mitigates non-uniqueness in cosmic ray two-fluid models at shocks and highlights the significance of subgrid closure based on kinetic theory.

## Key findings

- Results depend on numerical methods without subgrid closure.
- A robust method reduces sensitivity to numerical details.
- Subgrid closure improves shock microphysics modeling.

## Abstract

Cosmic rays (CRs) are frequently modeled as an additional fluid in hydrodynamic (HD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of astrophysical flows. The standard CR two-fluid model is described in terms of three conservation laws (expressing conservation of mass, momentum and total energy) and one additional equation (for the CR pressure) that cannot be cast in a satisfactory conservative form. The presence of non-conservative terms with spatial derivatives in the model equations prevents a unique weak solution behind a shock. We investigate a number of methods for the numerical solution of the two-fluid equations and find that, in the presence of shock waves, the results generally depend on the numerical details (spatial reconstruction, time stepping, the CFL number, and the adopted discretization). All methods converge to a unique result if the energy partition between the thermal and non-thermal fluids at the shock is prescribed using a subgrid prescription. This highlights the non-uniqueness problem of the two-fluid equations at shocks. From our numerical investigations, we report a robust method for which the solutions are insensitive to the numerical details even in absence of a subgrid prescription, although we recommend a subgrid closure at shocks using results from kinetic theory. The subgrid closure is crucial for a reliable post-shock solution and also its impact on large scale flows because the shock microphysics that determines CR acceleration is not accurately captured in a fluid approximation. Critical test problems, limitations of fluid modeling, and future directions are discussed.