Voltage matching, \'etendue and ratchet steps in advanced concept solar cells

TL;DR

This paper explores how advanced solar cell designs can surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit by using voltage matching, etendue considerations, and ratchet steps, emphasizing the importance of intermediate states and carrier interactions.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of voltage matching and etendue effects in advanced solar cells, introducing the concept of ratchet steps and their dependence on concentration and radiative efficiency.

Findings

Optimal ratchet step decreases with solar concentration.

Auger processes are more sensitive to finite interaction rates than carrier multiplication.

Voltage matching is crucial for surpassing the Shockley-Queisser limit in multi-level solar cells.

Abstract

Many advanced solar cell concepts propose surpassing the Shockley Queisser (SQ) limit by introducing multiple quasi-Fermi level separations that are arranged in series and/or in parallel. Exceeding the SQ limit with any parallel arrangement involves intermediate states that deliver additional charge carriers at, ideally, the same electro-chemical potential as the other elements in the parallel network. This can be thought of as voltage matching individual parallel components and in intermediate band materials is intricately linked to solar concentration and \'etendue mismatch between absorption and emission. Generally, to achieve voltage matching under sub-optimal conditions, an additional degree of freedom in the absorption thresholds of the material through a carrier relaxation or ratchet step is required. We explain why the ideal ratchet step decreases with solar concentration and how it depends on radiative efficiency and emission \'etendue of the individual transitions. For solar cell concepts that use Auger type carrier-carrier interactions or molecular triplet states for energetic up- or down-conversion, ideal bandgap combinations and achievable efficiencies also depend on interaction rates. We show that Auger assisted solar cells suffer more strongly from finite interaction rates than carrier multiplication devices.