# The Origin of Parity Changes in the Solar Cycle

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the origins of parity changes in the solar cycle by simulating hemispheric asymmetry in a dynamo model, revealing that long-term asymmetries can induce shifts between dipolar and quadrupolar states, with implications for understanding solar magnetic behavior.

## Contribution

The study introduces a computational dynamo model that demonstrates how hemispheric asymmetry can cause parity shifts, providing new insights into the long-term behavior of the solar magnetic cycle.

## Key findings

- Parity shifts are possible due to hemispheric asymmetry.
- Quadrupolar modes can persist over long periods.
- Long-lasting hemispheric dominance increases likelihood of parity change.

## Abstract

Although sunspots have been systematically observed on the Sun's surface over the last four centuries, their magnetic properties have been revealed and documented only since the early 1900s. Sunspots typically appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarities which have a systematic orientation. This polarity orientation is opposite across the equator -- a trend that has persisted over the last century over which magnetic field observations exist. Taken together with the configuration of the global poloidal field of the Sun -- that governs the heliospheric open flux and cosmic ray flux at Earth -- this phenomenon is consistent with the dipolar parity state of an underlying magnetohydrodynamic dynamo. Although hemispheric asymmetry in the emergence of sunspots is observed in the Sun, a parity shift has never been observed. We simulate hemispheric asymmetry through the introduction of random fluctuations in a computational dynamo model of the solar cycle and demonstrate that changes in parity are indeed possible in long-term simulations covering thousands of years. Quadrupolar modes are found to exist over a significant fraction of the simulated time. In particular, we find that a parity shift in the underlying nature of the sunspot cycle is more likely to occur when sunspot activity dominates in any one hemisphere for a time which is significantly longer than the cycle period. We establish causal pathways connecting hemispheric asymmetry and cross-equatorial phase-shifts to parity flips in the underlying dynamo mechanism. Our findings indicate that the solar cycle may have resided in quadrupolar parity states in the distant past, and provides a possible pathway for predicting parity flips in the future.