# On Feasibility and Flexibility Operating Regions of Virtual Power Plants and TSO/DSO interfaces

## TL;DR

This paper clarifies the difference between feasibility and flexibility of virtual power plants (VPPs), proposing a methodology to evaluate their operating regions, considering resource response times and network topology, with implications for TSO/DSO interface operation.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel methodology for modeling VPP flexibility and feasibility regions, emphasizing the importance of resource response times and network topology.

## Key findings

- Flexible load and network topology significantly impact VPP feasibility and flexibility regions.
- Case studies demonstrate distinct information conveyed by feasibility and flexibility regions.
- Methodology can be applied to TSO/DSO interface operation modeling.

## Abstract

Distributed energy resources are an ideal candidate for the provision of additional flexibility required by power system to support the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. The integrating large number of resources in the existing market structure, particularly in the light of providing flexibility services, is envisioned through the concept of virtual power plant (VPP). To this end, it is crucial to establish a clear methodology for VPP flexibility modelling. In this context, this paper first puts forward the need to clarify the difference between feasibility and flexibility potential of a VPP, and then propose a methodology for the evaluation of relevant operating regions. Similar concepts can also be used to modelling TSO/DSO interface operation. Several case studies are designed to reflect the distinct information conveyed by feasibility and flexibility operating regions in the presence of "slow" and "fast" responding resources for a VPP partaking in provision of energy and grid support services. The results also highlight the impact of flexible load and importantly network topology on the VPP feasibility (FOR) and flexibility (FXOR) operating regions.