# Spatially Resolved Water Emission from Gravitationally Lensed Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at z $\sim$ 3

## TL;DR

This study uses ALMA to spatially and spectrally resolve water emission in four high-redshift, gravitationally lensed galaxies, revealing a correlation between water luminosity and star formation activity on kiloparsec scales, advancing understanding of galaxy evolution.

## Contribution

First to analyze the L_H2O/L_FIR relation on resolved scales at high redshift, demonstrating water as a potential star formation rate calibrator in distant galaxies.

## Key findings

- L_H2O correlates with L_FIR globally and on kiloparsec scales.
- L_H2O/L_FIR ratio shows no clear dependence on dust temperature or gas surface density.
- Water emission can serve as a resolved star formation rate indicator.

## Abstract

Water ($\rm H_{2}O$), one of the most ubiquitous molecules in the universe, has bright millimeter-wave emission lines easily observed at high-redshift with the current generation of instruments. The low excitation transition of $\rm H_{2}O$, p$-$$\rm H_{2}O$(202 $-$ 111) ($\nu_{rest}$ = 987.927 GHz) is known to trace the far-infrared (FIR) radiation field independent of the presence of active galactic nuclei (AGN) over many orders-of-magnitude in FIR luminosity (L$_{\rm FIR}$). This indicates that this transition arises mainly due to star formation. In this paper, we present spatially ($\sim$0.5 arcsec corresponding to $\sim$1 kiloparsec) and spectrally resolved ($\sim$100 kms$^{-1}$) observations of p$-$$\rm H_{2}O$(202 $-$ 111) in a sample of four strong gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). In addition to increasing the sample of luminous ($ > $ $10^{12}$L$_{\odot}$) galaxies observed with $\rm H_{2}O$, this paper examines the L$_{\rm H_{2}O}$/L$_{\rm FIR}$ relation on resolved scales for the first time at high-redshift. We find that L$_{\rm H_{2}O}$ is correlated with L$_{\rm FIR}$ on both global and resolved kiloparsec scales within the galaxy in starbursts and AGN with average L$_{\rm H_{2}O}$/L$_{\rm FIR}$ =$2.76^{+2.15}_{-1.21}\times10^{-5}$. We find that the scatter in the observed L$_{\rm H_{2}O}$/L$_{\rm FIR}$ relation does not obviously correlate with the effective temperature of the dust spectral energy distribution (SED) or the molecular gas surface density. This is a first step in developing p$-$$\rm H_{2}O$(202 $-$ 111) as a resolved star formation rate (SFR) calibrator.