# Bell's Theorem and Locally-Mediated Reformulations of Quantum Mechanics

## TL;DR

This paper explores locally-mediated, retrocausal models of quantum mechanics that respect Lorentz covariance, potentially avoiding Bell's Theorem constraints and offering a more efficient description of entanglement.

## Contribution

It provides a survey and analysis of explicit retrocausal, locally-mediated toy-models that describe entanglement without exponential complexity growth.

## Key findings

- Locally-mediated models can describe entanglement with fewer parameters.
- Retrocausal models relax the arrow-of-time assumption.
- These models avoid the usual tension between quantum mechanics and relativity.

## Abstract

Bell's Theorem rules out many potential reformulations of quantum mechanics, but within a generalized framework, it does not exclude all "locally-mediated" models. Such models describe the correlations between entangled particles as mediated by intermediate parameters which track the particle world-lines and respect Lorentz covariance. These locally-mediated models require the relaxation of an arrow-of-time assumption which is typically taken for granted. Specifically, some of the mediating parameters in these models must functionally depend on measurement settings in their future, i.e., on input parameters associated with later times. This option (often called "retrocausal") has been repeatedly pointed out in the literature, but the exploration of explicit locally-mediated toy-models capable of describing specific entanglement phenomena has begun only in the past decade. A brief survey of such models is included here. These models provide a continuous and consistent description of events associated with spacetime locations, with aspects that are solved "all-at-once" rather than unfolding from the past to the future. The tension between quantum mechanics and relativity which is usually associated with Bell's Theorem does not occur here. Unlike conventional quantum models, the number of parameters needed to specify the state of a system does not grow exponentially with the number of entangled particles. The promise of generalizing such models to account for all quantum phenomena is identified as a grand challenge.