# Anatomy of a buckling galactic bar

## TL;DR

This study uses N-body simulations to analyze the buckling instability in galactic bars, revealing the dynamics, orbital structures, and resonance conditions that lead to the formation of boxy/peanut-shaped bars in Milky Way-like galaxies.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the buckling process, including the orbital origins and resonance conditions, which advances understanding of bar evolution in galaxies.

## Key findings

- Buckling occurs after 4.5 Gyr, weakening the bar and forming a boxy/peanut shape.
- Most buckling-supporting orbits originate from x1 orbits supporting the bar.
- A secondary, longer-lasting buckling event occurs in the outer bar region.

## Abstract

Using $N$-body simulations we study the buckling instability in a galactic bar forming in a Milky Way-like galaxy. The galaxy is initially composed of an axisymmetric, exponential stellar disk embedded in a spherical dark matter halo. The parameters of the model are chosen so that the galaxy is mildly unstable to bar formation and the evolution is followed for 10 Gyr. A strong bar forms slowly over the first few Gyr and buckles after 4.5 Gyr from the start of the simulation becoming much weaker and developing a pronounced boxy/peanut shape. We measure the properties of the bar at the time of buckling in terms of the mean acceleration, velocity and distortion in the vertical direction. The maps of these quantities in face-on projections reveal characteristic quadrupole patterns which wind up over a short time-scale. We also detect a secondary buckling event lasting much longer and occurring only in the outer part of the bar. We then study the orbital structure of the bar in periods before and after the first buckling. We find that most of the buckling orbits originate from x1 orbits supporting the bar. During buckling the ratio of the vertical to horizontal frequency of the stellar orbits decreases dramatically and after buckling the orbits obey a very tight relation between the vertical and circular frequency: $3 \nu = 4 \Omega$. We propose that buckling is initiated by the vertical resonance of the x1 orbits creating the initial distortion of the bar that later evolves as kinematic bending waves.