# Detector Characterization of a Near-Infrared Discrete Avalanche Photodiode 5x5 Array for Astrophysical Observations

## TL;DR

This paper characterizes a near-infrared avalanche photodiode array for astrophysical transient detection, detailing its performance metrics and suitability for a wide-field, fast-time response search for extraterrestrial technosignatures.

## Contribution

It provides the first detailed characterization of a 5x5 NIR avalanche photodiode array for astrophysical applications, including dark count rate, PDE, and non-linearity.

## Key findings

- Dark count rate of 3.3x10^6 cps
- Photon detection efficiency of 14.8% at 1050 nm
- Saturation at 1.2x10^8 photons/sec

## Abstract

We present detector characterization of a state-of-the-art near-infrared (950nm - 1650 nm) Discrete Avalanche Photodiode detector (NIRDAPD) 5x5 array. We designed an experimental setup to characterize the NIRDAPD dark count rate, photon detection efficiency (PDE), and non-linearity. The NIRDAPD array was illuminated using a 1050 nm light-emitting diode (LED) as well as 980 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm laser diodes. We find a dark count rate of 3.3x10$^6$ cps, saturation at 1.2x10$^8$ photons per second, a photon detection efficiency of 14.8% at 1050 nm, and pulse detection at 1 GHz. We characterized this NIRDAPD array for a future astrophysical program that will search for technosignatures and other fast (>1 Ghz) astrophysical transients as part of the Pulsed All-sky Near-infrared Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (PANOSETI) project. The PANOSETI program will consist of an all-sky optical (350 - 800 nm) observatory capable of observing the entire northern hemisphere instantaneously and a wide-field NIR (950 - 1650 nm) component capable of drift scanning the entire sky in 230 clear nights. PANOSETI aims to be the first wide-field fast-time response near-infrared transient search.