Group-theoretical origin of symmetries of hypergeometric class equations and functions

TL;DR

This paper reveals that the symmetries of hypergeometric class equations can be understood through the Lie algebraic structure of associated higher-dimensional PDEs, providing a unified geometric framework for their properties.

Contribution

It introduces a Lie algebraic approach to derive properties of hypergeometric functions from symmetries of fundamental PDEs in higher dimensions.

Findings

Hypergeometric functions relate to symmetries of Laplace, heat, and Helmholtz equations.

Recurrence relations correspond to roots of the Lie algebra.

Discrete symmetries align with Weyl group elements.

Abstract

We show that properties of hypergeometric class equations and functions become transparent if we derive them from appropriate 2nd order differential equations with constant coefficients. More precisely, properties of the hypergeometric and Gegenbauer equation can be derived from generalized symmetries of the Laplace equation in 4, resp. 3 dimension. Properties of the confluent, resp. Hermite equation can be derived from generalized symmetries of the heat equation in 2, resp. 1 dimension. Finally, the theory of the ${}_1F_1$ equation (equivalent to the Bessel equation) follows from the symmetries of the Helmholtz equation in 2 dimensions. All these symmetries become very simple when viewed on the level of the 6- or 5-dimensional ambient space. Crucial role is played by the Lie algebra of generalized symmetries of these 2nd order PDE's, its Cartan algebra, the set of roots and the Weyl group. Standard hypergeometric class functions are special solutions of these PDE's diagonalizing the Cartan algebra. Recurrence relations of these functions correspond to the roots. Their discrete symmetries correspond to the elements of the Weyl group.