# A Census of Star Formation in the Outer Galaxy: the SMOG field

## TL;DR

This study maps star formation in the outer Milky Way using Spitzer data, identifying thousands of young stellar objects, their clustering, and properties, and compares results with WISE data to understand star formation processes.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive census of YSOs in the outer Galaxy, analyzes their clustering, and compares Spitzer and WISE data to assess observational effects on star formation studies.

## Key findings

- Identified 4648 YSOs in the outer Galaxy region.
- Found 68 clusters with 8 or more YSOs, indicating significant clustering.
- The IMF in outer Galaxy clusters resembles that of the inner galaxy.

## Abstract

In this paper we undertake a study of the 21 square degree SMOG field, a Spitzer cryogenic mission Legacy program to map a region of the outer Milky Way towards the Perseus and Outer spiral arms with the IRAC and MIPS instruments. We identify 4648 YSOs across the field. Using the DBSCAN method we identify 68 clusters or aggregations of YSOs in the region, having 8 or more members. We identify 1197 class Is, 2632 class IIs, 819 class IIIs, of which 45 are candidate transition disk objects, utilizing the MIPS 24 photometry. The ratio of YSOs identified as members of clusters was 2872/4648, or 62%. The ratios of class I to class II YSOs in the clusters are broadly consistent with those found in the inner galactic and nearby Gould's Belt young star formation regions. The clustering properties indicate that the protostars may be more tightly bound to their natal sites than the class IIs, and the class IIIs are generally widely distributed. We further perform an analysis of the WISE data of the SMOG field to determine how the lower resolution and sensitivity of WISE affects the identification of YSOs as compared to Spitzer: we identify 931 YSOs using combined WISE and 2MASS photometry, 931/4648 or 20% of the total number identified with Spitzer. Performing the same clustering analysis finds 31 clusters which reliably trace the larger associations identified with the Spitzer data. Twelve of the clusters identified have previously measured distances from the WISE HII survey. SEDFitter modeling of these YSOs is reported, leading to an estimation of the IMF in the aggregate of these clusters which approximates that found in the inner galaxy, implying that the processes behind stellar mass distribution during star formation are not widely affected by the lower density and metallicity of the outer galaxy.