Multiplicity dependence of light (anti-)nuclei production in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV

TL;DR

This study measures light (anti-)nuclei production in p-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV, revealing how yield ratios depend on event multiplicity and challenging existing models of particle production.

Contribution

It provides new measurements of deuteron, anti-deuteron, and helium production in p-Pb collisions, and compares these to models and other collision systems, highlighting unique behaviors.

Findings

Deuteron-to-proton ratio increases with multiplicity.

Deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering.

Yields decrease exponentially with mass number.

Abstract

The measurement of the deuteron and anti-deuteron production in the rapidity range $-1 < y < 0$ as a function of transverse momentum and event multiplicity in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV is presented. (Anti-)deuterons are identified via their specific energy loss $\rm{d}E/\rm{d}x$ and via their time-of-flight. Their production in p-Pb collisions is compared to pp and Pb-Pb collisions and is discussed within the context of thermal and coalescence models. The ratio of integrated yields of deuterons to protons (d/p) shows a significant increase as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity of the event starting from values similar to those observed in pp collisions at low multiplicities and approaching those observed in Pb-Pb collisions at high multiplicities. The mean transverse momenta are extracted from the deuteron spectra and the values are similar to those obtained for p and $\Lambda$ particles. Thus, deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering. This behaviour is in contrast to the trend observed for non-composite particles in p-Pb collisions. In addition, the production of the rare $^{3}{\rm{He}}$ and $^{3}\bar{\rm He}$ nuclei has been studied. The spectrum corresponding to all non-single diffractive p-Pb collisions is obtained in the rapidity window $-1 < y < 0$ and the $p_{\rm{T}}$-integrated yield d$N$/d$y$ is extracted. It is found that the yields of protons, deuterons, and $^{3}{\rm{He}}$, normalised by the spin degeneracy factor, follow an exponential decrease with mass number.

Tables

Table 1. Table 1: Multiplicity intervals and the corresponding charged-particle multiplicities at mid-rapidity. The uncertainties reported for the ⟨ d ​ N ch / d ​ η lab ⟩ | | η lab | < 0.5 evaluated-at delimited-⟨⟩ d subscript 𝑁 ch d subscript 𝜂 lab subscript 𝜂 lab 0.5 \langle{\rm d}N_{\rm ch}/{\rm d}\eta_{\rm lab}\rangle|_{\left|\eta_{\rm lab}\right|<0.5} are the systematic ones, statistical uncertainties are negligible. Values are taken from [ 18 ] .

V0A Class
0–10%	40.6 $\pm$ 0.9
10–20%	30.5 $\pm$ 0.7
20–40%	23.2 $\pm$ 0.5
40–60%	16.1 $\pm$ 0.4
60–100%	7.1 $\pm$ 0.2

Table 2. Table 2: Main sources of systematic uncertainties for deuterons and He 3 superscript He 3 {}^{3}{\mathrm{He}} as well as their anti-particles for low and high p T subscript 𝑝 T p_{\mathrm{T}} .

	d		$\overline{d}$		${}_{}{}^3\mathrm{He}$		${}_{}{}^3\overline{\mathrm{He}}$
$p_T$ ($\mathrm{GeV}/c$)	0.9	2.9	0.9	2.9	2.2	5.0	1.8	5.0
Tracking (ITS-TPC matching)	5%	5%	5%	5%	6%	4%	6%	4%
Secondaries material	1%	negl.	negl.	negl.	20%	1%	negl.	negl.
Secondaries weak decay	negl.	negl.	negl.	negl.	5%	negl.	5%	negl.
Material budget	3%	3%	3%	3%	3%	1%	3%	1%
Particle identification	1%	3%	1%	3%	3%	3%	3%	3%
Transport code	3%	3%	3%	3%	6%	6%	18%	11%
TPC-TOF matching	3%	3%	5%	5%	-	-	-	-
Total	7%	8%	8%	9%	23%	8%	20%	12%

Table 3. Table 3: Integrated yields d N 𝑁 N /d y 𝑦 y of (anti-)deuterons. The first value is the statistical and the second is the total systematic uncertainty which includes both the systematic uncertainty on the measured spectra and the uncertainty of the extrapolation to low and high p T subscript 𝑝 T p_{\mathrm{T}} .

Multiplicity classes	d$N$/d$y$ (d)	d$N$/d$y$ ($\overline{d}$)
0-10%	$\left(2.86\pm 0.03\pm 0.30\right)\times {10}^{-3}$	$\left(2.83\pm 0.03\pm 0.35\right)\times {10}^{-3}$
10-20%	$\left(2.08\pm 0.02\pm 0.22\right)\times {10}^{-3}$	$\left(1.94\pm 0.03\pm 0.24\right)\times {10}^{-3}$
20-40%	$\left(1.43\pm 0.01\pm 0.15\right)\times {10}^{-3}$	$\left(1.43\pm 0.02\pm 0.17\right)\times {10}^{-3}$
40-60%	$\left(8.93\pm 0.08\pm 0.93\right)\times {10}^{-4}$	$\left(9.06\pm 0.15\pm 1.09\right)\times {10}^{-4}$
60-100%	$\left(2.89\pm 0.05\pm 0.30\right)\times {10}^{-4}$	$\left(3.02\pm 0.07\pm 0.36\right)\times {10}^{-4}$

Equations

$$E_{\mathrm{d}}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3{N}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\mathrm{d}{p}_{\mathrm{d}}^3}=B_2{\left(E_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\mathrm{d}{p}_{\mathrm{p}}^3}\right)}^2,$$

$$\frac{1}{2\pi p_{\rm T}^{d}}\frac{{\rm d}^{2}N^{d}}{{\rm d}y\,{\rm d}p_{\rm T}^{d}}=B_{2}\Bigl{(}\frac{1}{2\pi p_{\rm T}^{p}}\frac{{\rm d}^{2}N^{p}}{{\rm d}y\,{\rm d}p_{\rm T}^{p}}\Bigr{)}^{2}=B_{2}\Bigl{(}C\exp(-\frac{p_{\rm T}^{p}}{T})\Bigr{)}^{2}=B_{2}\Bigl{(}C\exp(-\frac{p_{\rm T}^{d}}{2T})\Bigr{)}^{2}=B_{2}~{}C^{2}\exp(-\frac{p_{\rm T}^{d}}{T})\;.$$

Full text

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\PHyear2019 \PHnumber120 \PHdate31 May

\ShortTitleProduction of (anti-)nuclei in p–Pb collisions

\CollaborationALICE Collaboration††thanks: See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members \ShortAuthorALICE Collaboration

The measurement of the deuteron and anti-deuteron production in the rapidity range $-1<y<0$ as a function of transverse momentum and event multiplicity in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV is presented. (Anti-)deuterons are identified via their specific energy loss $\mathrm{d}E/\mathrm{d}x$ and via their time-of-flight. Their production in p–Pb collisions is compared to pp and Pb–Pb collisions and is discussed within the context of thermal and coalescence models. The ratio of integrated yields of deuterons to protons (d/p) shows a significant increase as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity of the event starting from values similar to those observed in pp collisions at low multiplicities and approaching those observed in Pb–Pb collisions at high multiplicities. The mean transverse particle momenta are extracted from the deuteron spectra and the values are similar to those obtained for p and $\Lambda$ particles. Thus, deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering. This behaviour is in contrast to the trend observed for non-composite particles in p–Pb collisions. In addition, the production of the rare ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ and ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$ nuclei has been studied. The spectrum corresponding to all non-single diffractive p-Pb collisions is obtained in the rapidity window $-1<y<0$ and the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-integrated yield d$N$/d$y$ is extracted. It is found that the yields of protons, deuterons, and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$, normalised by the spin degeneracy factor, follow an exponential decrease with mass number.

1 Introduction

The energy densities reached in the collisions of ultra-relativistic particles lead to a significant production of complex (anti-)(hyper-)nuclei. The high yield of anti-quarks produced in these reactions has led to the first observation of the anti-alpha particle [1] as well as of the anti-hyper-triton [2] by the STAR collaboration, and to detailed measurements by the ALICE collaboration [3, 4, 5, 6] at energies reached at the CERN LHC. However, the production mechanism is not fully understood. In a more general context, these measurements also provide input for the background determination in searches for anti-nuclei in space. Such an observation of anti-deuterons or ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$ of cosmic origin could carry information on the existence of large amounts of anti-matter in our universe or provide a signature of the annihilation of dark matter particles [7, 8, 9, 10, 11].

Recent data in pp and in heavy-ion collisions provide evidence for an interesting observation regarding the production mechanism of (anti-)nuclei [3, 12, 13, 5, 6]: in Pb–Pb interactions, the d/p ratio does not vary with the collision centrality and the value agrees with expectations from thermal-statistical models which feature a common chemical freeze-out temperature of all hadrons around 156 MeV [3, 14, 15]. In inelastic pp collisions, the corresponding ratio is a factor 2.2 lower than in Pb–Pb collisions [3, 12]. With respect to these measurements, the results of d and 3He produced in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV, being a system in between the two extremes of pp and Pb–Pb collisions, are of prominent interest and they are the subject of this letter. While deuterons have been measured differentially in multiplicity, the ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$ (${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$) spectrum was only obtained inclusively for all non-single diffractive events because of their low production rate.

In addition to the evolution of the integrated d/p ratio for various multiplicity classes, the question whether the transverse momentum distribution of deuterons is consistent with a collective radial expansion together with the non-composite hadrons is of particular interest. Such behaviour has been observed for light nuclei in Pb–Pb collisions [3, 5]. The presence of collective effects in p–Pb collisions at LHC energies has recently been supported by several experimental findings (see for instance [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22] and recent reviews in [23, 24]). These include a clear mass ordering of the mean transverse momenta of light flavoured hadrons in p–Pb collisions as expected from hydrodynamical models [18].

2 Analysis

The results presented here are based on a low pile-up p–Pb data sample collected with the ALICE detector during the LHC running campaign at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV in 2013. A detailed description of the detector is available in [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. The main detectors used in this analysis are the Inner Tracking System (ITS) [30], the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) [31], and the Time-Of-Flight detector (TOF) [32, 33]. The two innermost layers of the ITS consist of Silicon Pixel Detectors (SPD), followed by two layers of Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD), and two layers of Silicon Strip Detectors (SSD). As the main tracking device, the TPC provides full azimuthal acceptance for tracks in the pseudo-rapidity region $|\eta_{\mathrm{lab}}|<$ 0.8. In addition, it provides particle identification via the measurement of the specific energy loss d$E$/d$x$. The TOF array is located at about 3.7 m from the beam line and provides particle identification by measuring the particle speed with the time-of-flight technique. In p-Pb collisions, the overall time resolution is about 85 ps for high multiplicity events. In peripheral events, where multiplicities are similar to pp, it decreases to about 120 ps due to a worse start-time (collision-time) resolution [34]. All detectors are positioned in a solenoidal magnetic field of $B$ = 0.5 T.

The event sample used for the analysis presented in this letter was collected exclusively in the beam configuration where the proton travels towards negative $\eta_{\mathrm{lab}}$. The minimum-bias trigger signal and the definition of the multiplicity classes was provided by the V0 detector consisting of two arrays of 32 scintillator tiles each covering the full azimuth within $2.8<\eta_{\mathrm{lab}}<5.1$ (V0A, Pb-beam direction) and $-3.7<\eta_{\mathrm{lab}}<-1.7$ (V0C, p-beam direction). The event selection was performed in a similar way to that described in Ref. [18]. A coincidence of signals in both V0A and V0C was required online in order to remove background from single diffractive and electromagnetic events. In the offline analysis, further background suppression was achieved by requiring that the arrival time of the signals in the two neutron Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC), which are located $\pm$112.5 m from the interaction point, is compatible with a nominal p–Pb collision. The contamination from pile-up events was reduced to a negligible level ($<1\%$) by rejecting events in which more than one primary vertex was reconstructed either from SPD tracklets or from tracks reconstructed in the whole central barrel. The position of the reconstructed primary vertex was required to be located within $\pm 10$ cm of the nominal interaction point in the longitudinal direction. In total, an event sample of about 100 million minimum-bias (MB) events after all selections was analysed. The corresponding integrated luminosity, $L_{\mathrm{int}}=N_{\mathrm{MB}}/\sigma_{\mathrm{MB}}$, where $\sigma_{\mathrm{MB}}$ is the MB trigger cross-section measured with van-der-Meer scans, amounts to 47.8 $\mu\mathrm{b}^{-1}$ with a relative uncertainty of 3.7% [35].

The final results are given normalised to the total number of non-single diffractive (NSD) events. Therefore, a correction of 3.6%$\pm$3.1% [36] is applied to the minimum-bias results, which corresponds to the trigger and vertex reconstruction inefficiency for this selection. For the study of d and $\overline{\rm d}$, the sample is divided into five multiplicity classes, which are defined as percentiles of the V0A signal. This signal is proportional to the charged-particle multiplicity in the corresponding pseudo-rapidity region in the direction of the Pb-beam. Following the approach in [37], the multiplicity dependent results are normalized to the number of events $N_{\rm ev}$ corresponding to the visible (triggered) cross-section. The event sample is corrected for the vertex reconstruction efficiency. This correction is of the order of 4% for the lowest V0A multiplicity class (60-100%) and negligible ($<$1%) for the other multiplicity classes. The chosen selection and the corresponding charged-particle multiplicity at mid-rapidity are summarized in Table 1.

In this analysis, the production of primary deuterons and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$-nuclei and that of their respective anti-particles are measured in a rapidity window $-1<y<0$ in the centre-of-mass system. Since the energy per nucleon of the proton beam is higher than that of the Pb beam, the nucleon-nucleon system moves in the laboratory frame with a rapidity of -0.465. Potential differences of the spectral shape or normalisation due to the larger $y$-range with respect to the measurement of $\pi$, K, and p [18] are found to be negligible for the (anti-)deuteron and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ minimum-bias spectra with respect to the overall statistical and systematic uncertainties. In order to select primary tracks of suitable quality, various track selection criteria are applied. At least 70 clusters in the TPC and two hits in the ITS (out of which at least one in the SPD) are required. These selections guarantee a track momentum resolution of 2% in the relevant $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-range and a d$E$/d$x$ resolution of about 6% for minimum ionising particles. The maximum allowed Distance-of-Closest-Approach (DCA) to the primary collision vertex is 0.12 cm in the transverse ($\mathrm{DCA_{\rm xy}}$) and 1.0 cm in the longitudinal ($\mathrm{DCA_{\rm z}}$) plane. Furthermore, it is required that the $\chi^{2}$ per TPC cluster is less than 4 and tracks of weak-decay products with kink topology are rejected [29], as they cannot originate from the tracks of primary nuclei.

The particle identification performance of the TPC and TOF detectors in p–Pb collisions is shown in Fig. 1. For the mass determination with the TOF detector, the contribution of tracks with a wrongly assigned TOF cluster is largely reduced by a 3$\sigma$ pre-selection in the TPC d$E$/d$x$, where $\sigma$ corresponds to the TPC d$E$/d$x$ resolution. Nevertheless, due to the small abundance of deuterons the background is still significant and it is removed using a fit to the squared mass distribution. An example of a fit for anti-deuterons with transverse momenta $2.2~{}\textrm{GeV}/c<p_{\mathrm{T}}{}<2.4~{}\textrm{GeV}/c$ is shown in the right panel of Fig. 1. The squared rest mass of the deuteron has been subtracted to simplify the fitting function. The signal has a Gaussian shape with an exponential tail on the right side. This tail is necessary to describe the time-signal shape of the TOF detector [33]. For the background, the sum of two exponential functions is used. One of the exponential functions accounts for the mismatched tracks and the other accounts for the tail of the proton peak. For (anti-)${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ nuclei, the $\mathrm{d}E/\mathrm{d}x$ is sufficient for a clean identification using only this technique over the entire momentum range $1.5~{}{\mathrm{GeV}}/c<$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $<5~{}{\mathrm{GeV}}/c$ as the atomic number $Z=2$ for 3He leads to a clear separation from other particles.

The tracking acceptance $\times$ efficiency determination is based on a Monte-Carlo simulation using the DPMJET event generator [38] and a full detector description in GEANT3 [39]. As discussed in [3], the hadronic interaction of (anti-)nuclei with detector material is not fully described in GEANT3, therefore two additional correction factors are applied. Firstly, in order to account for the material between the collision vertex and the TPC, the track reconstruction efficiencies extracted from GEANT3 are scaled to match those from GEANT4 [40, 41]. Secondly, for tracks which cross in addition the material between the TPC and the TOF detectors, a data-driven correction factor has been evaluated by comparing the matching efficiency of tracks to TOF hits in data and Monte Carlo simulation. Since the TRD was not fully installed in 2013, this study was repeated for regions in azimuth with and without installed TRD modules. The matching efficiencies for tracks crossing the TRD material were then scaled such that the corrected yield agrees with the one obtained for tracks that are not crossing any TRD material. This procedure results in a further reduction of the acceptance $\times$ efficiency of 6% for deuterons and 11% for anti-deuterons. The acceptance and efficiency corrections are found to be independent of the event multiplicity and are shown in Fig. 2 for primary deuterons and anti-deuterons, with and without requiring a TOF match, as well as for ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ and ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$.

The raw yields of deuterons and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ also include secondary particles which stem from the interactions of primary particles with the detector material. To subtract this contribution, a data-driven approach as in [18, 3] is used. The distribution of the $\mathrm{DCA_{\rm xy}}$ is fitted with two distributions (called "templates" in the following) obtained from Monte-Carlo simulations describing primary and secondary deuterons, respectively. The fit is performed in the range $|\mathrm{DCA_{\rm xy}}|<0.5$ cm which allows the contribution from material to be constrained by the plateau of the distribution at larger distances ($|\mathrm{DCA_{\rm xy}}|>0.15$ cm). The contamination of secondaries amounts to about 45% to 55% in the lowest $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-interval and decreases exponentially towards higher $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ until it becomes negligible ($<$ 1%) above 2 ${\mathrm{GeV}}/c$. The limited number of ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ candidate tracks does not allow a background subtraction based on templates, instead a bin counting procedure in the aforementioned $\mathrm{DCA_{\rm xy}}$ signal and background regions is used.

The systematic uncertainties of the measurement are summarised for deuterons and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ as well as for their antiparticles in Table 2. For deuterons, the uncertainty related to the secondary correction is estimated by repeating the template fit procedure under a variation of the $\mathrm{DCA_{\rm z}}$ cut. The corresponding uncertainty for ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ nuclei is determined by varying the ranges in $\mathrm{DCA_{\rm xy}}$ for the signal and background regions in the bin counting procedure. For d and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ the systematic uncertainty on the cross-section for hadronic interaction is determined by a systematic comparison of different propagation codes (GEANT3 and GEANT4). The material between TPC and TOF needs to be considered only for the (anti-)deuteron spectrum and increases the uncertainty by additional 3% and 5% for deuterons and anti-deuterons, respectively. This corresponds to the half of the observed discrepancy in the TPC-TOF matching efficiencies evaluated in data and Monte Carlo. For both deuterons and anti-deuterons, the particle identification procedure introduces only a small uncertainty which slightly increases at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and is estimated based on the variation of the $n\sigma$-cuts in the TPC d$E$/d$x$ as well as on a variation of the signal extraction in the TOF with different fit functions. The PID related uncertainties for ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ and ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$ remain negligible over the entire $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-range due to the background-free identification based on the TPC d$E$/d$x$. Feed-down from weakly decaying hyper-tritons (${}^{3}_{\Lambda}{\mathrm{H}}$) is negligible for deuterons [4, 3]. Since only about 4-8% of all ${}^{3}_{\Lambda}{\mathrm{H}}$ decaying into ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ pass the track selection criteria for primary ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$, the remaining contamination has not been subtracted and the uncertainty related to it was further investigated by a variation of the $\mathrm{DCA_{\rm xy}}$-cut in data and a final uncertainty of 5% is assigned. The influence of uncertainties in the material budget on the reconstruction efficiency has been studied by simulating events varying the amount of material by $\pm$10%. The estimates of the uncertainties related to the tracking and ITS-TPC matching are based on a variation of the track cuts and are found to be approximately 5%. The uncertainties related to tracking, transport code, material budget and TPC-TOF matching are fully correlated across different multiplicity intervals.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Spectra and yields

The transverse momentum spectra of deuterons and anti-deuterons in the rapidity range $-1~{}<~{}y~{}<~{}0$ are presented in Fig. 3 for several multiplicity classes. The spectra show a hardening with increasing event multiplicity. This behaviour was already observed for lower mass particles in p–Pb collisions [18]. For the extraction of $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ and $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-integrated yields d$N$/d$y$, the spectra are fitted individually using a $m_{\rm T}$-exponential function [42].

The values obtained for d$N$/d$y$ for (anti-)deuterons are summarized in Table 3. They have been calculated by summing up the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-differential yield in the region where the spectrum is measured and by integrating the fit result in the unmeasured region at low and high transverse momenta. While the fraction of the extrapolated yield at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ is negligible, the fraction at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges from 23% at high to 38% at low multiplicities. The uncertainty introduced by this extrapolation is estimated by comparing the result obtained with the $m_{\rm T}$-exponential fit to fit results from several alternative functional forms (Boltzmann, Blast-wave [43], and $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-exponential).

Figure 4 shows the $\mathrm{\overline{d}}/\rm d$ ratios as a function of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ for all multiplicity intervals. The ratios are found to be consistent with unity within uncertainties. This behaviour is expected, since thermal and coalescence models predict that the $\mathrm{\overline{d}}/\rm d$ ratio is given by $(\mathrm{\bar{p}/p})^{2}$ (see for instance [15]) and the $\mathrm{\bar{p}/p}$ ratio measured in p–Pb collisions is consistent with unity for all multiplicity intervals [18].

The rare production of $A>2$ nuclei only allows the extraction of minimum-bias spectra for ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ and ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$ with the available statistics and thus the result is normalised to all non-single diffractive (NSD) events. In total, 40 ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$ nuclei are observed, while about 29400 tracks from $\overline{\rm d}$ are reconstructed in the same data sample. The corresponding spectra are shown in Fig. 5 together with a $m_{\rm T}$-exponential fit which is used for the extraction of the d$N$/d$y$ and $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ of the spectra. The fit is performed such that the residuals to both the ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ and ${}^{3}\overline{\rm He}$ spectrum are minimised simultaneously. The fraction of the extrapolated yield corresponds to about 58%. The uncertainty introduced by this extrapolation is also estimated by comparing the result obtained with the $m_{\rm T}$-exponential fit to fit results from several alternative functional forms (Boltzmann, Blast-wave [43], and $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-exponential). A $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-integrated yield of d$N$/d$y$ = $(1.36\pm 0.16(\rm stat)\pm 0.52(\rm syst))\times 10^{-6}$ and an average transverse momentum of $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ = $(1.78\pm 0.11(\rm stat)\pm 0.77(\rm syst))$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}/c$ are obtained.

The yields of p, d and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ for NSD p–Pb events and normalised to their spin degeneracy are shown in Fig. 6 as a function of the mass number $A$ together with results for inelastic pp collisions and central Pb-Pb collisions. An exponential decrease with increasing $A$ is observed in all cases, yet with different slopes. The penalty factor, i.e. the reduction of the yield for each additional nucleon, is obtained from a fit to the data and a value of $635\pm 90$ in p-Pb collisions is found which is significantly larger than the factor of $359\pm 41$ which was observed for central Pb–Pb collisions [3]. The penalty factor obtained for the inelastic pp collisions [12] is found to be $942\pm 107$. Such an exponential decrease of the (anti-)nuclei yield with mass number has also been observed at lower incident energies in heavy-ion [44, 45, 46, 1] as well as in p–A collisions [47].

3.2 Coalescence parameter

In the traditional coalescence model, deuterons and other light nuclei are formed by protons and neutrons, which are close in phase space. In this picture, the deuteron momentum spectra are related to those of its constituent nucleons via [50, 51]

[TABLE]

where the momentum of the deuteron is given by $p_{\mathrm{d}}=2p_{\mathrm{p}}$. Since the neutron spectra are experimentally not accessible, they are approximated by the proton spectra. The value of $B_{2}$ is computed as a function of event multiplicity and transverse momentum as the ratio between the deuteron yield measured at $p_{\mathrm{T}}=p_{\mathrm{T,d}}$ and the square of the proton yield at $p_{\mathrm{T,p}}=0.5p_{\mathrm{T,d}}$. The obtained $B_{2}$-values are shown in Fig. 7. In its simplest implementation, the coalescence model for uncorrelated particle emission from a point-like source predicts that the observed $B_{2}$-values are independent of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and of event multiplicity (called "simple coalescence" in the following). Within uncertainties and given the current width of the multiplicity classes, the observed $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependence is still compatible with the expected flat behaviour (for a detailed discussion see [6]). Moreover, a decrease of the measured $B_{2}$ parameter with increasing event multiplicity for a fixed $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ is observed. This effect is even more pronounced in Pb–Pb collisions [3] and a possible explanation is an increasing source volume, which can effectively reduce the coalescence probability [51, 7].

3.3 Mean transverse momenta

In Fig. 8 (left), the mean values of the transverse momenta of deuterons are compared with the corresponding results for $\pi^{\pm}$, K*±*, p($\rm\bar{p}$), and $\Lambda$($\overline{\Lambda}$) [18]. As for all other particles, the $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ of deuterons shows an increase with increasing event multiplicity, which reflects the observed hardening of the spectra. However, it is striking that deuterons violate the mass ordering which was observed for non-composite particles [18, 52]: despite their much larger mass, the $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ values are similar to those of $\Lambda$($\overline{\Lambda}$) and only slightly higher than those of p($\rm\bar{p}$).

Note that simple coalescence models give a significantly different prediction for the $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ of deuterons with respect to hydrodynamical models. This can be best illustrated with two simplifying requirements which are approximately fulfilled in data. Firstly, the coalescence parameter is assumed flat in $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and secondly the proton spectrum can be described by an exponential shape, i.e. $C\exp(-p_{\mathrm{T}}/T)$ with two parameters $C$ and $T$. In this case, the shape of the deuteron spectrum can be analytically calculated based on the definition of $B_{2}$. Due to the self-similarity feature of the exponential function, $\left(\exp(x/a)\right)^{a}=\exp(x)$, the spectral shape of the proton and the deuteron are then found to be identical:

[TABLE]

Thus, the same $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ for both particles is expected and the behaviour observed in p–Pb collisions is well described by simple coalescence models. This finding can be even further substantiated by directly calculating the $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ of deuterons assuming a constant value of $B_{2}$ and using the measured proton spectrum as input. As shown in Fig. 8 (right), in this case, a good agreement with the data is found considering that a large fraction of the systematic uncertainty is correlated among different multiplicity bins. The Blast-Wave model [43] fails to describe the $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ values for deuterons using the common kinetic freeze-out parameters from [18], which describe simultaneously the spectra of pions, kaons, and protons.

3.4 Deuteron-over-proton ratio

The deuteron-over-proton ratio is shown in Fig. 9 for three collision systems as a function of the charged-particle density at mid-rapidity. In Pb–Pb collisions it has been observed that the d/p ratio does not vary with centrality within uncertainties (red symbols). Such a trend is consistent with a thermal-statistical approach and the magnitude of the measured values agree with freeze-out temperatures in the range of 150-160 MeV [3]. The d/p ratio obtained in inelastic pp collisions increases with multiplicity [6]. The results in p–Pb collisions bridge the two measurements in terms of multiplicity and system size and show an increase of the d/p ratio with multiplicity. Here, the low (high) multiplicity value is compatible with the result from pp (Pb–Pb) collisions. Note that the experimental significance of this enhancement is further substantiated by considering only the part of the systematic uncertainty which is uncorrelated across multiplicity intervals.

A similar rise with multiplicity is observed for the ratios of the yields of multi-strange particles to that of pions in p–Pb collisions [53]. In this case the canonical suppression due to exact strangeness conservation in smaller systems gives a qualitative explanation [54]. An interpretation of the d/p ratio within thermal models is difficult, since the measured ${\mathrm{p}}/\pi$ ratio in these three systems is about the same [18]. Therefore, the available parameter space for a change in the freeze-out temperature or a suppression due to exact conservation of baryon number is limited [55]. Coalescence models are able to explain such an observation. The probability of forming a deuteron increases with the nucleon density and thus also with the charged-particle density. The results from pp and p–Pb collisions at low charged-particle density fit with this concept.

4 Conclusions

The production of deuterons and ${}^{3}{\mathrm{He}}$ and their antiparticles in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV has been studied at mid-rapidity. The results on deuteron production in p–Pb collisions exhibit a continuous evolution with multiplicity between pp and Pb–Pb collisions. The production of complex nuclei shows an exponential decrease with mass (number). The penalty factor (decrease of yield for each additional nucleon) is larger than the one observed in central Pb–Pb collisions and smaller than the one measured in pp collisions. The transverse momentum distributions of deuterons become harder with increasing multiplicity. Two intriguing observations that have been recently reported by ALICE [6] in high multiplicity pp collisions are confirmed in the present paper. Firstly, the $\langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ values of deuterons are comparable to those of the much lighter $\Lambda$ baryons and thus do not follow a mass ordering. This behaviour is observed for all multiplicity intervals and it is in contrast to the expectation from simple hydrodynamical models. These observations made in p–Pb collisions support a coalescence mechanism, while in Pb–Pb collisions the deuteron seems to follow the collective expansion of the fireball. Secondly, the d/p ratio rises strongly with multiplicity, while this ratio remains approximately constant as a function of multiplicity in Pb–Pb collisions, where its value agrees with thermal-model predictions.

Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , China; Croatian Science Foundation and Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Région des Pays de la Loire, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

Appendix A The ALICE Collaboration

S. Acharya\Irefnorg141&D. Adamová\Irefnorg93&S.P. Adhya\Irefnorg141&A. Adler\Irefnorg73&J. Adolfsson\Irefnorg79&M.M. Aggarwal\Irefnorg98&G. Aglieri Rinella\Irefnorg34&M. Agnello\Irefnorg31&N. Agrawal\Irefnorg48,\Irefnorg10&Z. Ahammed\Irefnorg141&S. Ahmad\Irefnorg17&S.U. Ahn\Irefnorg75&A. Akindinov\Irefnorg90&M. Al-Turany\Irefnorg105&S.N. Alam\Irefnorg141&D.S.D. Albuquerque\Irefnorg122&D. Aleksandrov\Irefnorg86&B. Alessandro\Irefnorg58&H.M. Alfanda\Irefnorg6&R. Alfaro Molina\Irefnorg71&B. Ali\Irefnorg17&Y. Ali\Irefnorg15&A. Alici\Irefnorg10,\Irefnorg53,\Irefnorg27&A. Alkin\Irefnorg2&J. Alme\Irefnorg22&T. Alt\Irefnorg68&L. Altenkamper\Irefnorg22&I. Altsybeev\Irefnorg112&M.N. Anaam\Irefnorg6&C. Andrei\Irefnorg47&D. Andreou\Irefnorg34&H.A. Andrews\Irefnorg109&A. Andronic\Irefnorg144&M. Angeletti\Irefnorg34&V. Anguelov\Irefnorg102&C. Anson\Irefnorg16&T. Antičić\Irefnorg106&F. Antinori\Irefnorg56&P. Antonioli\Irefnorg53&R. Anwar\Irefnorg125&N. Apadula\Irefnorg78&L. Aphecetche\Irefnorg114&H. Appelshäuser\Irefnorg68&S. Arcelli\Irefnorg27&R. Arnaldi\Irefnorg58&M. Arratia\Irefnorg78&I.C. Arsene\Irefnorg21&M. Arslandok\Irefnorg102&A. Augustinus\Irefnorg34&R. Averbeck\Irefnorg105&S. Aziz\Irefnorg61&M.D. Azmi\Irefnorg17&A. Badalà\Irefnorg55&Y.W. Baek\Irefnorg40&S. Bagnasco\Irefnorg58&X. Bai\Irefnorg105&R. Bailhache\Irefnorg68&R. Bala\Irefnorg99&A. Baldisseri\Irefnorg137&M. Ball\Irefnorg42&S. Balouza\Irefnorg103&R.C. Baral\Irefnorg84&R. Barbera\Irefnorg28&L. Barioglio\Irefnorg26&G.G. Barnaföldi\Irefnorg145&L.S. Barnby\Irefnorg92&V. Barret\Irefnorg134&P. Bartalini\Irefnorg6&K. Barth\Irefnorg34&E. Bartsch\Irefnorg68&F. Baruffaldi\Irefnorg29&N. Bastid\Irefnorg134&S. Basu\Irefnorg143&G. Batigne\Irefnorg114&B. Batyunya\Irefnorg74&P.C. Batzing\Irefnorg21&D. Bauri\Irefnorg48&J.L. Bazo Alba\Irefnorg110&I.G. Bearden\Irefnorg87&C. Bedda\Irefnorg63&N.K. Behera\Irefnorg60&I. Belikov\Irefnorg136&F. Bellini\Irefnorg34&R. Bellwied\Irefnorg125&V. Belyaev\Irefnorg91&G. Bencedi\Irefnorg145&S. Beole\Irefnorg26&A. Bercuci\Irefnorg47&Y. Berdnikov\Irefnorg96&D. Berenyi\Irefnorg145&R.A. Bertens\Irefnorg130&D. Berzano\Irefnorg58&M.G. Besoiu\Irefnorg67&L. Betev\Irefnorg34&A. Bhasin\Irefnorg99&I.R. Bhat\Irefnorg99&M.A. Bhat\Irefnorg3&H. Bhatt\Irefnorg48&B. Bhattacharjee\Irefnorg41&A. Bianchi\Irefnorg26&L. Bianchi\Irefnorg125,\Irefnorg26&N. Bianchi\Irefnorg51&J. Bielčík\Irefnorg37&J. Bielčíková\Irefnorg93&A. Bilandzic\Irefnorg117,\Irefnorg103&G. Biro\Irefnorg145&R. Biswas\Irefnorg3&S. Biswas\Irefnorg3&J.T. Blair\Irefnorg119&D. Blau\Irefnorg86&C. Blume\Irefnorg68&G. Boca\Irefnorg139&F. Bock\Irefnorg94,\Irefnorg34&A. Bogdanov\Irefnorg91&L. Boldizsár\Irefnorg145&A. Bolozdynya\Irefnorg91&M. Bombara\Irefnorg38&G. Bonomi\Irefnorg140&H. Borel\Irefnorg137&A. Borissov\Irefnorg144,\Irefnorg91&M. Borri\Irefnorg127&H. Bossi\Irefnorg146&E. Botta\Irefnorg26&L. Bratrud\Irefnorg68&P. Braun-Munzinger\Irefnorg105&M. Bregant\Irefnorg121&T.A. Broker\Irefnorg68&M. Broz\Irefnorg37&E.J. Brucken\Irefnorg43&E. Bruna\Irefnorg58&G.E. Bruno\Irefnorg33,\Irefnorg104&M.D. Buckland\Irefnorg127&D. Budnikov\Irefnorg107&H. Buesching\Irefnorg68&S. Bufalino\Irefnorg31&O. Bugnon\Irefnorg114&P. Buhler\Irefnorg113&P. Buncic\Irefnorg34&Z. Buthelezi\Irefnorg72&J.B. Butt\Irefnorg15&J.T. Buxton\Irefnorg95&D. Caffarri\Irefnorg88&A. Caliva\Irefnorg105&E. Calvo Villar\Irefnorg110&R.S. Camacho\Irefnorg44&P. Camerini\Irefnorg25&A.A. Capon\Irefnorg113&F. Carnesecchi\Irefnorg10&J. Castillo Castellanos\Irefnorg137&A.J. Castro\Irefnorg130&E.A.R. Casula\Irefnorg54&F. Catalano\Irefnorg31&C. Ceballos Sanchez\Irefnorg52&P. Chakraborty\Irefnorg48&S. Chandra\Irefnorg141&B. Chang\Irefnorg126&W. Chang\Irefnorg6&S. Chapeland\Irefnorg34&M. Chartier\Irefnorg127&S. Chattopadhyay\Irefnorg141&S. Chattopadhyay\Irefnorg108&A. Chauvin\Irefnorg24&C. Cheshkov\Irefnorg135&B. Cheynis\Irefnorg135&V. Chibante Barroso\Irefnorg34&D.D. Chinellato\Irefnorg122&S. Cho\Irefnorg60&P. Chochula\Irefnorg34&T. Chowdhury\Irefnorg134&P. Christakoglou\Irefnorg88&C.H. Christensen\Irefnorg87&P. Christiansen\Irefnorg79&T. Chujo\Irefnorg133&C. Cicalo\Irefnorg54&L. Cifarelli\Irefnorg10,\Irefnorg27&F. Cindolo\Irefnorg53&J. Cleymans\Irefnorg124&F. Colamaria\Irefnorg52&D. Colella\Irefnorg52&A. Collu\Irefnorg78&M. Colocci\Irefnorg27&M. Concas\Irefnorg58\AreforgI&G. Conesa Balbastre\Irefnorg77&Z. Conesa del Valle\Irefnorg61&G. Contin\Irefnorg59,\Irefnorg127&J.G. Contreras\Irefnorg37&T.M. Cormier\Irefnorg94&Y. Corrales Morales\Irefnorg58,\Irefnorg26&P. Cortese\Irefnorg32&M.R. Cosentino\Irefnorg123&F. Costa\Irefnorg34&S. Costanza\Irefnorg139&J. Crkovská\Irefnorg61&P. Crochet\Irefnorg134&E. Cuautle\Irefnorg69&L. Cunqueiro\Irefnorg94&D. Dabrowski\Irefnorg142&T. Dahms\Irefnorg103,\Irefnorg117&A. Dainese\Irefnorg56&F.P.A. Damas\Irefnorg137,\Irefnorg114&S. Dani\Irefnorg65&M.C. Danisch\Irefnorg102&A. Danu\Irefnorg67&D. Das\Irefnorg108&I. Das\Irefnorg108&P. Das\Irefnorg3&S. Das\Irefnorg3&A. Dash\Irefnorg84&S. Dash\Irefnorg48&A. Dashi\Irefnorg103&S. De\Irefnorg84,\Irefnorg49&A. De Caro\Irefnorg30&G. de Cataldo\Irefnorg52&C. de Conti\Irefnorg121&J. de Cuveland\Irefnorg39&A. De Falco\Irefnorg24&D. De Gruttola\Irefnorg10&N. De Marco\Irefnorg58&S. De Pasquale\Irefnorg30&R.D. De Souza\Irefnorg122&S. Deb\Irefnorg49&H.F. Degenhardt\Irefnorg121&K.R. Deja\Irefnorg142&A. Deloff\Irefnorg83&S. Delsanto\Irefnorg131,\Irefnorg26&P. Dhankher\Irefnorg48&D. Di Bari\Irefnorg33&A. Di Mauro\Irefnorg34&R.A. Diaz\Irefnorg8&T. Dietel\Irefnorg124&P. Dillenseger\Irefnorg68&Y. Ding\Irefnorg6&R. Divià\Irefnorg34&Ø. Djuvsland\Irefnorg22&U. Dmitrieva\Irefnorg62&A. Dobrin\Irefnorg34,\Irefnorg67&B. Dönigus\Irefnorg68&O. Dordic\Irefnorg21&A.K. Dubey\Irefnorg141&A. Dubla\Irefnorg105&S. Dudi\Irefnorg98&M. Dukhishyam\Irefnorg84&P. Dupieux\Irefnorg134&R.J. Ehlers\Irefnorg146&D. Elia\Irefnorg52&H. Engel\Irefnorg73&E. Epple\Irefnorg146&B. Erazmus\Irefnorg114&F. Erhardt\Irefnorg97&A. Erokhin\Irefnorg112&M.R. Ersdal\Irefnorg22&B. Espagnon\Irefnorg61&G. Eulisse\Irefnorg34&J. Eum\Irefnorg18&D. Evans\Irefnorg109&S. Evdokimov\Irefnorg89&L. Fabbietti\Irefnorg117,\Irefnorg103&M. Faggin\Irefnorg29&J. Faivre\Irefnorg77&A. Fantoni\Irefnorg51&M. Fasel\Irefnorg94&P. Fecchio\Irefnorg31&A. Feliciello\Irefnorg58&G. Feofilov\Irefnorg112&A. Fernández Téllez\Irefnorg44&A. Ferrero\Irefnorg137&A. Ferretti\Irefnorg26&A. Festanti\Irefnorg34&V.J.G. Feuillard\Irefnorg102&J. Figiel\Irefnorg118&S. Filchagin\Irefnorg107&D. Finogeev\Irefnorg62&F.M. Fionda\Irefnorg22&G. Fiorenza\Irefnorg52&F. Flor\Irefnorg125&S. Foertsch\Irefnorg72&P. Foka\Irefnorg105&S. Fokin\Irefnorg86&E. Fragiacomo\Irefnorg59&U. Frankenfeld\Irefnorg105&G.G. Fronze\Irefnorg26&U. Fuchs\Irefnorg34&C. Furget\Irefnorg77&A. Furs\Irefnorg62&M. Fusco Girard\Irefnorg30&J.J. Gaardhøje\Irefnorg87&M. Gagliardi\Irefnorg26&A.M. Gago\Irefnorg110&A. Gal\Irefnorg136&C.D. Galvan\Irefnorg120&P. Ganoti\Irefnorg82&C. Garabatos\Irefnorg105&E. Garcia-Solis\Irefnorg11&K. Garg\Irefnorg28&C. Gargiulo\Irefnorg34&A. Garibli\Irefnorg85&K. Garner\Irefnorg144&P. Gasik\Irefnorg103,\Irefnorg117&E.F. Gauger\Irefnorg119&M.B. Gay Ducati\Irefnorg70&M. Germain\Irefnorg114&J. Ghosh\Irefnorg108&P. Ghosh\Irefnorg141&S.K. Ghosh\Irefnorg3&P. Gianotti\Irefnorg51&P. Giubellino\Irefnorg105,\Irefnorg58&P. Giubilato\Irefnorg29&P. Glässel\Irefnorg102&D.M. Goméz Coral\Irefnorg71&A. Gomez Ramirez\Irefnorg73&V. Gonzalez\Irefnorg105&P. González-Zamora\Irefnorg44&S. Gorbunov\Irefnorg39&L. Görlich\Irefnorg118&S. Gotovac\Irefnorg35&V. Grabski\Irefnorg71&L.K. Graczykowski\Irefnorg142&K.L. Graham\Irefnorg109&L. Greiner\Irefnorg78&A. Grelli\Irefnorg63&C. Grigoras\Irefnorg34&V. Grigoriev\Irefnorg91&A. Grigoryan\Irefnorg1&S. Grigoryan\Irefnorg74&O.S. Groettvik\Irefnorg22&J.M. Gronefeld\Irefnorg105&F. Grosa\Irefnorg31&J.F. Grosse-Oetringhaus\Irefnorg34&R. Grosso\Irefnorg105&R. Guernane\Irefnorg77&B. Guerzoni\Irefnorg27&M. Guittiere\Irefnorg114&K. Gulbrandsen\Irefnorg87&T. Gunji\Irefnorg132&A. Gupta\Irefnorg99&R. Gupta\Irefnorg99&I.B. Guzman\Irefnorg44&R. Haake\Irefnorg34,\Irefnorg146&M.K. Habib\Irefnorg105&C. Hadjidakis\Irefnorg61&H. Hamagaki\Irefnorg80&G. Hamar\Irefnorg145&M. Hamid\Irefnorg6&R. Hannigan\Irefnorg119&M.R. Haque\Irefnorg63&A. Harlenderova\Irefnorg105&J.W. Harris\Irefnorg146&A. Harton\Irefnorg11&J.A. Hasenbichler\Irefnorg34&H. Hassan\Irefnorg77&D. Hatzifotiadou\Irefnorg10,\Irefnorg53&P. Hauer\Irefnorg42&S. Hayashi\Irefnorg132&S.T. Heckel\Irefnorg68&E. Hellbär\Irefnorg68&H. Helstrup\Irefnorg36&A. Herghelegiu\Irefnorg47&E.G. Hernandez\Irefnorg44&G. Herrera Corral\Irefnorg9&F. Herrmann\Irefnorg144&K.F. Hetland\Irefnorg36&T.E. Hilden\Irefnorg43&H. Hillemanns\Irefnorg34&C. Hills\Irefnorg127&B. Hippolyte\Irefnorg136&B. Hohlweger\Irefnorg103&D. Horak\Irefnorg37&S. Hornung\Irefnorg105&R. Hosokawa\Irefnorg133&P. Hristov\Irefnorg34&C. Huang\Irefnorg61&C. Hughes\Irefnorg130&P. Huhn\Irefnorg68&T.J. Humanic\Irefnorg95&H. Hushnud\Irefnorg108&L.A. Husova\Irefnorg144&N. Hussain\Irefnorg41&S.A. Hussain\Irefnorg15&T. Hussain\Irefnorg17&D. Hutter\Irefnorg39&D.S. Hwang\Irefnorg19&J.P. Iddon\Irefnorg127,\Irefnorg34&R. Ilkaev\Irefnorg107&M. Inaba\Irefnorg133&M. Ippolitov\Irefnorg86&M.S. Islam\Irefnorg108&M. Ivanov\Irefnorg105&V. Ivanov\Irefnorg96&V. Izucheev\Irefnorg89&B. Jacak\Irefnorg78&N. Jacazio\Irefnorg27&P.M. Jacobs\Irefnorg78&M.B. Jadhav\Irefnorg48&S. Jadlovska\Irefnorg116&J. Jadlovsky\Irefnorg116&S. Jaelani\Irefnorg63&C. Jahnke\Irefnorg121&M.J. Jakubowska\Irefnorg142&M.A. Janik\Irefnorg142&M. Jercic\Irefnorg97&O. Jevons\Irefnorg109&R.T. Jimenez Bustamante\Irefnorg105&M. Jin\Irefnorg125&F. Jonas\Irefnorg144,\Irefnorg94&P.G. Jones\Irefnorg109&A. Jusko\Irefnorg109&P. Kalinak\Irefnorg64&A. Kalweit\Irefnorg34&J.H. Kang\Irefnorg147&V. Kaplin\Irefnorg91&S. Kar\Irefnorg6&A. Karasu Uysal\Irefnorg76&O. Karavichev\Irefnorg62&T. Karavicheva\Irefnorg62&P. Karczmarczyk\Irefnorg34&E. Karpechev\Irefnorg62&U. Kebschull\Irefnorg73&R. Keidel\Irefnorg46&M. Keil\Irefnorg34&B. Ketzer\Irefnorg42&Z. Khabanova\Irefnorg88&A.M. Khan\Irefnorg6&S. Khan\Irefnorg17&S.A. Khan\Irefnorg141&A. Khanzadeev\Irefnorg96&Y. Kharlov\Irefnorg89&A. Khatun\Irefnorg17&A. Khuntia\Irefnorg118,\Irefnorg49&B. Kileng\Irefnorg36&B. Kim\Irefnorg60&B. Kim\Irefnorg133&D. Kim\Irefnorg147&D.J. Kim\Irefnorg126&E.J. Kim\Irefnorg13&H. Kim\Irefnorg147&J. Kim\Irefnorg147&J.S. Kim\Irefnorg40&J. Kim\Irefnorg102&J. Kim\Irefnorg147&J. Kim\Irefnorg13&M. Kim\Irefnorg102&S. Kim\Irefnorg19&T. Kim\Irefnorg147&T. Kim\Irefnorg147&S. Kirsch\Irefnorg39&I. Kisel\Irefnorg39&S. Kiselev\Irefnorg90&A. Kisiel\Irefnorg142&J.L. Klay\Irefnorg5&C. Klein\Irefnorg68&J. Klein\Irefnorg58&S. Klein\Irefnorg78&C. Klein-Bösing\Irefnorg144&S. Klewin\Irefnorg102&A. Kluge\Irefnorg34&M.L. Knichel\Irefnorg34&A.G. Knospe\Irefnorg125&C. Kobdaj\Irefnorg115&M.K. Köhler\Irefnorg102&T. Kollegger\Irefnorg105&A. Kondratyev\Irefnorg74&N. Kondratyeva\Irefnorg91&E. Kondratyuk\Irefnorg89&P.J. Konopka\Irefnorg34&L. Koska\Irefnorg116&O. Kovalenko\Irefnorg83&V. Kovalenko\Irefnorg112&M. Kowalski\Irefnorg118&I. Králik\Irefnorg64&A. Kravčáková\Irefnorg38&L. Kreis\Irefnorg105&M. Krivda\Irefnorg109,\Irefnorg64&F. Krizek\Irefnorg93&K. Krizkova Gajdosova\Irefnorg37&M. Krüger\Irefnorg68&E. Kryshen\Irefnorg96&M. Krzewicki\Irefnorg39&A.M. Kubera\Irefnorg95&V. Kučera\Irefnorg60&C. Kuhn\Irefnorg136&P.G. Kuijer\Irefnorg88&L. Kumar\Irefnorg98&S. Kumar\Irefnorg48&S. Kundu\Irefnorg84&P. Kurashvili\Irefnorg83&A. Kurepin\Irefnorg62&A.B. Kurepin\Irefnorg62&S. Kushpil\Irefnorg93&J. Kvapil\Irefnorg109&M.J. Kweon\Irefnorg60&J.Y. Kwon\Irefnorg60&Y. Kwon\Irefnorg147&S.L. La Pointe\Irefnorg39&P. La Rocca\Irefnorg28&Y.S. Lai\Irefnorg78&R. Langoy\Irefnorg129&K. Lapidus\Irefnorg34,\Irefnorg146&A. Lardeux\Irefnorg21&P. Larionov\Irefnorg51&E. Laudi\Irefnorg34&R. Lavicka\Irefnorg37&T. Lazareva\Irefnorg112&R. Lea\Irefnorg25&L. Leardini\Irefnorg102&S. Lee\Irefnorg147&F. Lehas\Irefnorg88&S. Lehner\Irefnorg113&J. Lehrbach\Irefnorg39&R.C. Lemmon\Irefnorg92&I. León Monzón\Irefnorg120&E.D. Lesser\Irefnorg20&M. Lettrich\Irefnorg34&P. Lévai\Irefnorg145&X. Li\Irefnorg12&X.L. Li\Irefnorg6&J. Lien\Irefnorg129&R. Lietava\Irefnorg109&B. Lim\Irefnorg18&S. Lindal\Irefnorg21&V. Lindenstruth\Irefnorg39&S.W. Lindsay\Irefnorg127&C. Lippmann\Irefnorg105&M.A. Lisa\Irefnorg95&V. Litichevskyi\Irefnorg43&A. Liu\Irefnorg78&S. Liu\Irefnorg95&W.J. Llope\Irefnorg143&I.M. Lofnes\Irefnorg22&V. Loginov\Irefnorg91&C. Loizides\Irefnorg94&P. Loncar\Irefnorg35&X. Lopez\Irefnorg134&E. López Torres\Irefnorg8&P. Luettig\Irefnorg68&J.R. Luhder\Irefnorg144&M. Lunardon\Irefnorg29&G. Luparello\Irefnorg59&M. Lupi\Irefnorg73&A. Maevskaya\Irefnorg62&M. Mager\Irefnorg34&S.M. Mahmood\Irefnorg21&T. Mahmoud\Irefnorg42&A. Maire\Irefnorg136&R.D. Majka\Irefnorg146&M. Malaev\Irefnorg96&Q.W. Malik\Irefnorg21&L. Malinina\Irefnorg74\AreforgII&D. Mal’Kevich\Irefnorg90&P. Malzacher\Irefnorg105&A. Mamonov\Irefnorg107&V. Manko\Irefnorg86&F. Manso\Irefnorg134&V. Manzari\Irefnorg52&Y. Mao\Irefnorg6&M. Marchisone\Irefnorg135&J. Mareš\Irefnorg66&G.V. Margagliotti\Irefnorg25&A. Margotti\Irefnorg53&J. Margutti\Irefnorg63&A. Marín\Irefnorg105&C. Markert\Irefnorg119&M. Marquard\Irefnorg68&N.A. Martin\Irefnorg102&P. Martinengo\Irefnorg34&J.L. Martinez\Irefnorg125&M.I. Martínez\Irefnorg44&G. Martínez García\Irefnorg114&M. Martinez Pedreira\Irefnorg34&S. Masciocchi\Irefnorg105&M. Masera\Irefnorg26&A. Masoni\Irefnorg54&L. Massacrier\Irefnorg61&E. Masson\Irefnorg114&A. Mastroserio\Irefnorg138&A.M. Mathis\Irefnorg103,\Irefnorg117&P.F.T. Matuoka\Irefnorg121&A. Matyja\Irefnorg118&C. Mayer\Irefnorg118&M. Mazzilli\Irefnorg33&M.A. Mazzoni\Irefnorg57&A.F. Mechler\Irefnorg68&F. Meddi\Irefnorg23&Y. Melikyan\Irefnorg91&A. Menchaca-Rocha\Irefnorg71&E. Meninno\Irefnorg30&M. Meres\Irefnorg14&S. Mhlanga\Irefnorg124&Y. Miake\Irefnorg133&L. Micheletti\Irefnorg26&M.M. Mieskolainen\Irefnorg43&D.L. Mihaylov\Irefnorg103&K. Mikhaylov\Irefnorg90,\Irefnorg74&A. Mischke\Irefnorg63\Areforg*&A.N. Mishra\Irefnorg69&D. Miśkowiec\Irefnorg105&C.M. Mitu\Irefnorg67&A. Modak\Irefnorg3&N. Mohammadi\Irefnorg34&A.P. Mohanty\Irefnorg63&B. Mohanty\Irefnorg84&M. Mohisin Khan\Irefnorg17\AreforgIII&M. Mondal\Irefnorg141&M.M. Mondal\Irefnorg65&C. Mordasini\Irefnorg103&D.A. Moreira De Godoy\Irefnorg144&L.A.P. Moreno\Irefnorg44&S. Moretto\Irefnorg29&A. Morreale\Irefnorg114&A. Morsch\Irefnorg34&T. Mrnjavac\Irefnorg34&V. Muccifora\Irefnorg51&E. Mudnic\Irefnorg35&D. Mühlheim\Irefnorg144&S. Muhuri\Irefnorg141&J.D. Mulligan\Irefnorg78,\Irefnorg146&M.G. Munhoz\Irefnorg121&K. Münning\Irefnorg42&R.H. Munzer\Irefnorg68&H. Murakami\Irefnorg132&S. Murray\Irefnorg72&L. Musa\Irefnorg34&J. Musinsky\Irefnorg64&C.J. Myers\Irefnorg125&J.W. Myrcha\Irefnorg142&B. Naik\Irefnorg48&R. Nair\Irefnorg83&B.K. Nandi\Irefnorg48&R. Nania\Irefnorg53,\Irefnorg10&E. Nappi\Irefnorg52&M.U. Naru\Irefnorg15&A.F. Nassirpour\Irefnorg79&H. Natal da Luz\Irefnorg121&C. Nattrass\Irefnorg130&R. Nayak\Irefnorg48&T.K. Nayak\Irefnorg141,\Irefnorg84&S. Nazarenko\Irefnorg107&R.A. Negrao De Oliveira\Irefnorg68&L. Nellen\Irefnorg69&S.V. Nesbo\Irefnorg36&G. Neskovic\Irefnorg39&B.S. Nielsen\Irefnorg87&S. Nikolaev\Irefnorg86&S. Nikulin\Irefnorg86&V. Nikulin\Irefnorg96&F. Noferini\Irefnorg10,\Irefnorg53&P. Nomokonov\Irefnorg74&G. Nooren\Irefnorg63&J. Norman\Irefnorg77&P. Nowakowski\Irefnorg142&A. Nyanin\Irefnorg86&J. Nystrand\Irefnorg22&M. Ogino\Irefnorg80&A. Ohlson\Irefnorg102&J. Oleniacz\Irefnorg142&A.C. Oliveira Da Silva\Irefnorg121&M.H. Oliver\Irefnorg146&C. Oppedisano\Irefnorg58&R. Orava\Irefnorg43&A. Ortiz Velasquez\Irefnorg69&A. Oskarsson\Irefnorg79&J. Otwinowski\Irefnorg118&K. Oyama\Irefnorg80&Y. Pachmayer\Irefnorg102&V. Pacik\Irefnorg87&D. Pagano\Irefnorg140&G. Paić\Irefnorg69&P. Palni\Irefnorg6&J. Pan\Irefnorg143&A.K. Pandey\Irefnorg48&S. Panebianco\Irefnorg137&V. Papikyan\Irefnorg1&P. Pareek\Irefnorg49&J. Park\Irefnorg60&J.E. Parkkila\Irefnorg126&S. Parmar\Irefnorg98&A. Passfeld\Irefnorg144&S.P. Pathak\Irefnorg125&R.N. Patra\Irefnorg141&B. Paul\Irefnorg24,\Irefnorg58&H. Pei\Irefnorg6&T. Peitzmann\Irefnorg63&X. Peng\Irefnorg6&L.G. Pereira\Irefnorg70&H. Pereira Da Costa\Irefnorg137&D. Peresunko\Irefnorg86&G.M. Perez\Irefnorg8&E. Perez Lezama\Irefnorg68&V. Peskov\Irefnorg68&Y. Pestov\Irefnorg4&V. Petráček\Irefnorg37&M. Petrovici\Irefnorg47&R.P. Pezzi\Irefnorg70&S. Piano\Irefnorg59&M. Pikna\Irefnorg14&P. Pillot\Irefnorg114&L.O.D.L. Pimentel\Irefnorg87&O. Pinazza\Irefnorg53,\Irefnorg34&L. Pinsky\Irefnorg125&S. Pisano\Irefnorg51&D.B. Piyarathna\Irefnorg125&M. Płoskoń\Irefnorg78&M. Planinic\Irefnorg97&F. Pliquett\Irefnorg68&J. Pluta\Irefnorg142&S. Pochybova\Irefnorg145&M.G. Poghosyan\Irefnorg94&B. Polichtchouk\Irefnorg89&N. Poljak\Irefnorg97&W. Poonsawat\Irefnorg115&A. Pop\Irefnorg47&H. Poppenborg\Irefnorg144&S. Porteboeuf-Houssais\Irefnorg134&V. Pozdniakov\Irefnorg74&S.K. Prasad\Irefnorg3&R. Preghenella\Irefnorg53&F. Prino\Irefnorg58&C.A. Pruneau\Irefnorg143&I. Pshenichnov\Irefnorg62&M. Puccio\Irefnorg34,\Irefnorg26&V. Punin\Irefnorg107&K. Puranapanda\Irefnorg141&J. Putschke\Irefnorg143&R.E. Quishpe\Irefnorg125&S. Ragoni\Irefnorg109&S. Raha\Irefnorg3&S. Rajput\Irefnorg99&J. Rak\Irefnorg126&A. Rakotozafindrabe\Irefnorg137&L. Ramello\Irefnorg32&F. Rami\Irefnorg136&R. Raniwala\Irefnorg100&S. Raniwala\Irefnorg100&S.S. Räsänen\Irefnorg43&B.T. Rascanu\Irefnorg68&R. Rath\Irefnorg49&V. Ratza\Irefnorg42&I. Ravasenga\Irefnorg31&K.F. Read\Irefnorg130,\Irefnorg94&K. Redlich\Irefnorg83\AreforgIV&A. Rehman\Irefnorg22&P. Reichelt\Irefnorg68&F. Reidt\Irefnorg34&X. Ren\Irefnorg6&R. Renfordt\Irefnorg68&A. Reshetin\Irefnorg62&J.-P. Revol\Irefnorg10&K. Reygers\Irefnorg102&V. Riabov\Irefnorg96&T. Richert\Irefnorg79,\Irefnorg87&M. Richter\Irefnorg21&P. Riedler\Irefnorg34&W. Riegler\Irefnorg34&F. Riggi\Irefnorg28&C. Ristea\Irefnorg67&S.P. Rode\Irefnorg49&M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi\Irefnorg44&K. Røed\Irefnorg21&R. Rogalev\Irefnorg89&E. Rogochaya\Irefnorg74&D. Rohr\Irefnorg34&D. Röhrich\Irefnorg22&P.S. Rokita\Irefnorg142&F. Ronchetti\Irefnorg51&E.D. Rosas\Irefnorg69&K. Roslon\Irefnorg142&P. Rosnet\Irefnorg134&A. Rossi\Irefnorg29&A. Rotondi\Irefnorg139&F. Roukoutakis\Irefnorg82&A. Roy\Irefnorg49&P. Roy\Irefnorg108&O.V. Rueda\Irefnorg79&R. Rui\Irefnorg25&B. Rumyantsev\Irefnorg74&A. Rustamov\Irefnorg85&E. Ryabinkin\Irefnorg86&Y. Ryabov\Irefnorg96&A. Rybicki\Irefnorg118&H. Rytkonen\Irefnorg126&S. Sadhu\Irefnorg141&S. Sadovsky\Irefnorg89&K. Šafařík\Irefnorg37,\Irefnorg34&S.K. Saha\Irefnorg141&B. Sahoo\Irefnorg48&P. Sahoo\Irefnorg49&R. Sahoo\Irefnorg49&S. Sahoo\Irefnorg65&P.K. Sahu\Irefnorg65&J. Saini\Irefnorg141&S. Sakai\Irefnorg133&S. Sambyal\Irefnorg99&V. Samsonov\Irefnorg91,\Irefnorg96&A. Sandoval\Irefnorg71&A. Sarkar\Irefnorg72&D. Sarkar\Irefnorg143&N. Sarkar\Irefnorg141&P. Sarma\Irefnorg41&V.M. Sarti\Irefnorg103&M.H.P. Sas\Irefnorg63&E. Scapparone\Irefnorg53&B. Schaefer\Irefnorg94&J. Schambach\Irefnorg119&H.S. Scheid\Irefnorg68&C. Schiaua\Irefnorg47&R. Schicker\Irefnorg102&A. Schmah\Irefnorg102&C. Schmidt\Irefnorg105&H.R. Schmidt\Irefnorg101&M.O. Schmidt\Irefnorg102&M. Schmidt\Irefnorg101&N.V. Schmidt\Irefnorg94,\Irefnorg68&A.R. Schmier\Irefnorg130&J. Schukraft\Irefnorg34,\Irefnorg87&Y. Schutz\Irefnorg34,\Irefnorg136&K. Schwarz\Irefnorg105&K. Schweda\Irefnorg105&G. Scioli\Irefnorg27&E. Scomparin\Irefnorg58&M. Šefčík\Irefnorg38&J.E. Seger\Irefnorg16&Y. Sekiguchi\Irefnorg132&D. Sekihata\Irefnorg132,\Irefnorg45&I. Selyuzhenkov\Irefnorg105,\Irefnorg91&S. Senyukov\Irefnorg136&D. Serebryakov\Irefnorg62&E. Serradilla\Irefnorg71&P. Sett\Irefnorg48&A. Sevcenco\Irefnorg67&A. Shabanov\Irefnorg62&A. Shabetai\Irefnorg114&R. Shahoyan\Irefnorg34&W. Shaikh\Irefnorg108&A. Shangaraev\Irefnorg89&A. Sharma\Irefnorg98&A. Sharma\Irefnorg99&M. Sharma\Irefnorg99&N. Sharma\Irefnorg98&A.I. Sheikh\Irefnorg141&K. Shigaki\Irefnorg45&M. Shimomura\Irefnorg81&S. Shirinkin\Irefnorg90&Q. Shou\Irefnorg111&Y. Sibiriak\Irefnorg86&S. Siddhanta\Irefnorg54&T. Siemiarczuk\Irefnorg83&D. Silvermyr\Irefnorg79&C. Silvestre\Irefnorg77&G. Simatovic\Irefnorg88&G. Simonetti\Irefnorg103,\Irefnorg34&R. Singh\Irefnorg84&R. Singh\Irefnorg99&V.K. Singh\Irefnorg141&V. Singhal\Irefnorg141&T. Sinha\Irefnorg108&B. Sitar\Irefnorg14&M. Sitta\Irefnorg32&T.B. Skaali\Irefnorg21&M. Slupecki\Irefnorg126&N. Smirnov\Irefnorg146&R.J.M. Snellings\Irefnorg63&T.W. Snellman\Irefnorg126&J. Sochan\Irefnorg116&C. Soncco\Irefnorg110&J. Song\Irefnorg60,\Irefnorg125&A. Songmoolnak\Irefnorg115&F. Soramel\Irefnorg29&S. Sorensen\Irefnorg130&I. Sputowska\Irefnorg118&J. Stachel\Irefnorg102&I. Stan\Irefnorg67&P. Stankus\Irefnorg94&P.J. Steffanic\Irefnorg130&E. Stenlund\Irefnorg79&D. Stocco\Irefnorg114&M.M. Storetvedt\Irefnorg36&P. Strmen\Irefnorg14&A.A.P. Suaide\Irefnorg121&T. Sugitate\Irefnorg45&C. Suire\Irefnorg61&M. Suleymanov\Irefnorg15&M. Suljic\Irefnorg34&R. Sultanov\Irefnorg90&M. Šumbera\Irefnorg93&S. Sumowidagdo\Irefnorg50&K. Suzuki\Irefnorg113&S. Swain\Irefnorg65&A. Szabo\Irefnorg14&I. Szarka\Irefnorg14&U. Tabassam\Irefnorg15&G. Taillepied\Irefnorg134&J. Takahashi\Irefnorg122&G.J. Tambave\Irefnorg22&S. Tang\Irefnorg134,\Irefnorg6&M. Tarhini\Irefnorg114&M.G. Tarzila\Irefnorg47&A. Tauro\Irefnorg34&G. Tejeda Muñoz\Irefnorg44&A. Telesca\Irefnorg34&C. Terrevoli\Irefnorg125,\Irefnorg29&D. Thakur\Irefnorg49&S. Thakur\Irefnorg141&D. Thomas\Irefnorg119&F. Thoresen\Irefnorg87&R. Tieulent\Irefnorg135&A. Tikhonov\Irefnorg62&A.R. Timmins\Irefnorg125&A. Toia\Irefnorg68&N. Topilskaya\Irefnorg62&M. Toppi\Irefnorg51&F. Torales-Acosta\Irefnorg20&S.R. Torres\Irefnorg120&S. Tripathy\Irefnorg49&T. Tripathy\Irefnorg48&S. Trogolo\Irefnorg26,\Irefnorg29&G. Trombetta\Irefnorg33&L. Tropp\Irefnorg38&V. Trubnikov\Irefnorg2&W.H. Trzaska\Irefnorg126&T.P. Trzcinski\Irefnorg142&B.A. Trzeciak\Irefnorg63&T. Tsuji\Irefnorg132&A. Tumkin\Irefnorg107&R. Turrisi\Irefnorg56&T.S. Tveter\Irefnorg21&K. Ullaland\Irefnorg22&E.N. Umaka\Irefnorg125&A. Uras\Irefnorg135&G.L. Usai\Irefnorg24&A. Utrobicic\Irefnorg97&M. Vala\Irefnorg116,\Irefnorg38&N. Valle\Irefnorg139&S. Vallero\Irefnorg58&N. van der Kolk\Irefnorg63&L.V.R. van Doremalen\Irefnorg63&M. van Leeuwen\Irefnorg63&P. Vande Vyvre\Irefnorg34&D. Varga\Irefnorg145&Z. Varga\Irefnorg145&M. Varga-Kofarago\Irefnorg145&A. Vargas\Irefnorg44&M. Vargyas\Irefnorg126&R. Varma\Irefnorg48&M. Vasileiou\Irefnorg82&A. Vasiliev\Irefnorg86&O. Vázquez Doce\Irefnorg117,\Irefnorg103&V. Vechernin\Irefnorg112&A.M. Veen\Irefnorg63&E. Vercellin\Irefnorg26&S. Vergara Limón\Irefnorg44&L. Vermunt\Irefnorg63&R. Vernet\Irefnorg7&R. Vértesi\Irefnorg145&M.G.D.L.C. Vicencio\Irefnorg9&L. Vickovic\Irefnorg35&J. Viinikainen\Irefnorg126&Z. Vilakazi\Irefnorg131&O. Villalobos Baillie\Irefnorg109&A. Villatoro Tello\Irefnorg44&G. Vino\Irefnorg52&A. Vinogradov\Irefnorg86&T. Virgili\Irefnorg30&V. Vislavicius\Irefnorg87&A. Vodopyanov\Irefnorg74&B. Volkel\Irefnorg34&M.A. Völkl\Irefnorg101&K. Voloshin\Irefnorg90&S.A. Voloshin\Irefnorg143&G. Volpe\Irefnorg33&B. von Haller\Irefnorg34&I. Vorobyev\Irefnorg103&D. Voscek\Irefnorg116&J. Vrláková\Irefnorg38&B. Wagner\Irefnorg22&Y. Watanabe\Irefnorg133&M. Weber\Irefnorg113&S.G. Weber\Irefnorg144,\Irefnorg105&A. Wegrzynek\Irefnorg34&D.F. Weiser\Irefnorg102&S.C. Wenzel\Irefnorg34&J.P. Wessels\Irefnorg144&E. Widmann\Irefnorg113&J. Wiechula\Irefnorg68&J. Wikne\Irefnorg21&G. Wilk\Irefnorg83&J. Wilkinson\Irefnorg53&G.A. Willems\Irefnorg34&E. Willsher\Irefnorg109&B. Windelband\Irefnorg102&W.E. Witt\Irefnorg130&Y. Wu\Irefnorg128&R. Xu\Irefnorg6&S. Yalcin\Irefnorg76&K. Yamakawa\Irefnorg45&S. Yang\Irefnorg22&S. Yano\Irefnorg137&Z. Yasin\AreforgV&Z. Yin\Irefnorg6&H. Yokoyama\Irefnorg63&I.-K. Yoo\Irefnorg18&J.H. Yoon\Irefnorg60&S. Yuan\Irefnorg22&A. Yuncu\Irefnorg102&V. Yurchenko\Irefnorg2&V. Zaccolo\Irefnorg58,\Irefnorg25&A. Zaman\Irefnorg15&C. Zampolli\Irefnorg34&H.J.C. Zanoli\Irefnorg121&N. Zardoshti\Irefnorg34&A. Zarochentsev\Irefnorg112&P. Závada\Irefnorg66&N. Zaviyalov\Irefnorg107&H. Zbroszczyk\Irefnorg142&M. Zhalov\Irefnorg96&X. Zhang\Irefnorg6&Z. Zhang\Irefnorg6,\Irefnorg134&C. Zhao\Irefnorg21&V. Zherebchevskii\Irefnorg112&N. Zhigareva\Irefnorg90&D. Zhou\Irefnorg6&Y. Zhou\Irefnorg87&Z. Zhou\Irefnorg22&J. Zhu\Irefnorg6&Y. Zhu\Irefnorg6&A. Zichichi\Irefnorg27,\Irefnorg10&M.B. Zimmermann\Irefnorg34&G. Zinovjev\Irefnorg2&N. Zurlo\Irefnorg140&

Affiliation notes

{Authlist}

\Adef

org*Deceased

\Adef

orgIDipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

\Adef

orgIIM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia

\Adef

orgIIIDepartment of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

\Adef

orgIVInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland

\Adef

orgVPINSTECH, Islamabad, Pakistan

Collaboration Institutes

{Authlist}

\Idef

org1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia

\Idef

org2Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

\Idef

org3Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India

\Idef

org4Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

\Idef

org5California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States

\Idef

org6Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

\Idef

org7Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

\Idef

org8Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba

\Idef

org9Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico

\Idef

org10Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi’, Rome, Italy

\Idef

org11Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

\Idef

org12China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China

\Idef

org13Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

\Idef

org14Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia

\Idef

org15COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

\Idef

org16Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

\Idef

org17Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

\Idef

org18Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea

\Idef

org19Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

\Idef

org20Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States

\Idef

org21Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

\Idef

org22Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

\Idef

org23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy

\Idef

org24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

\Idef

org25Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

\Idef

org26Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

\Idef

org27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy

\Idef

org28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy

\Idef

org29Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy

\Idef

org30Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy

\Idef

org31Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

\Idef

org32Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy

\Idef

org33Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy

\Idef

org34European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland

\Idef

org35Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia

\Idef

org36Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway

\Idef

org37Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

\Idef

org38Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia

\Idef

org39Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

\Idef

org40Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea

\Idef

org41Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India

\Idef

org42Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

\Idef

org43Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland

\Idef

org44High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico

\Idef

org45Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

\Idef

org46Hochschule Worms, Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Worms, Germany

\Idef

org47Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

\Idef

org48Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India

\Idef

org49Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

\Idef

org50Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia

\Idef

org51INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

\Idef

org52INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

\Idef

org53INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

\Idef

org54INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

\Idef

org55INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

\Idef

org56INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

\Idef

org57INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy

\Idef

org58INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy

\Idef

org59INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

\Idef

org60Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

\Idef

org61Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS), Université de Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

\Idef

org62Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

\Idef

org63Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands

\Idef

org64Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia

\Idef

org65Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India

\Idef

org66Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

\Idef

org67Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania

\Idef

org68Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

\Idef

org69Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

\Idef

org70Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil

\Idef

org71Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

\Idef

org72iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa

\Idef

org73Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany

\Idef

org74Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia

\Idef

org75Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

\Idef

org76KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey

\Idef

org77Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

\Idef

org78Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States

\Idef

org79Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden

\Idef

org80Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

\Idef

org81Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan

\Idef

org82National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics , Athens, Greece

\Idef

org83National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland

\Idef

org84National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India

\Idef

org85National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan

\Idef

org86National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

\Idef

org87Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

\Idef

org88Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands

\Idef

org89NRC Kurchatov Institute IHEP, Protvino, Russia

\Idef

org90NRC Kurchatov Institute - ITEP, Moscow, Russia

\Idef

org91NRNU Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

\Idef

org92Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom

\Idef

org93Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic

\Idef

org94Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States

\Idef

org95Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

\Idef

org96Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

\Idef

org97Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

\Idef

org98Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

\Idef

org99Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

\Idef

org100Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

\Idef

org101Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

\Idef

org102Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

\Idef

org103Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

\Idef

org104Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy

\Idef

org105Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

\Idef

org106Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

\Idef

org107Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia

\Idef

org108Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India

\Idef

org109School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

\Idef

org110Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

\Idef

org111Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai, China

\Idef

org112St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

\Idef

org113Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria

\Idef

org114SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France

\Idef

org115Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

\Idef

org116Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

\Idef

org117Technische Universität München, Excellence Cluster ’Universe’, Munich, Germany

\Idef

org118The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland

\Idef

org119The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States

\Idef

org120Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

\Idef

org121Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil

\Idef

org122Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

\Idef

org123Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

\Idef

org124University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

\Idef

org125University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States

\Idef

org126University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

\Idef

org127University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

\Idef

org128University of Science and Techonology of China, Hefei, China

\Idef

org129University of South-Eastern Norway, Tonsberg, Norway

\Idef

org130University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

\Idef

org131University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

\Idef

org132University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

\Idef

org133University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

\Idef

org134Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France

\Idef

org135Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

\Idef

org136Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France

\Idef

org137Université Paris-Saclay Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France

\Idef

org138Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy

\Idef

org139Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

\Idef

org140Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

\Idef

org141Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India

\Idef

org142Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

\Idef

org143Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States

\Idef

org144Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany

\Idef

org145Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

\Idef

org146Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

\Idef

org147Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea