# Non-thermal desorption of complex organic molecules

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that cosmic ray-induced sputtering efficiently releases intact complex organic molecules from interstellar ice mantles, providing a significant non-thermal desorption mechanism in dense molecular clouds.

## Contribution

It shows that cosmic ray sputtering can desorb complex organic molecules as intact species, a process less efficient with UV photodesorption, highlighting a key non-thermal desorption pathway.

## Key findings

- Cosmic rays cause sputtering of COMs as intact molecules from ice mantles.
- Sputtering yields for COMs are comparable to water ice, even in complex mixtures.
- This mechanism is efficient in dense clouds, influencing astrochemical models.

## Abstract

The occurrence of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the gas phase at low temperature in the dense phases of the ISM suggests that a non-thermal desorption mechanism is at work because otherwise, COMs should condense within a short timescale onto dust grains. Vacuum ultraviolet photodesorption has been shown to be much less efficient for complex organic molecules, such as methanol, because mostly photoproducts are ejected. The induced photolysis competes with photodesorption for large COMs, considerably lowering the efficiency to desorb intact molecules. We investigate the sputtering efficiency of complex organic molecules that are observed either in the ice mantles of interstellar dense clouds directly by infrared spectroscopy (CH3OH), or that are observed in the gas phase by millimeter telescopes (CH3COOCH3) and that could be released from interstellar grain surfaces. We irradiated ice films containing complex organic molecules (methanol and methyl acetate) and water with swift heavy ions in the electronic sputtering regime. We monitored the infrared spectra of the film as well as the species released to the gas phase with a mass spectrometer. We demonstrate that when methanol or methyl acetate is embedded in a water-ice mantle exposed to cosmic rays, a large portion is sputtered as an intact molecule, with a sputtering yield close to that of the main water-ice matrix. This must be even more true for more volatile ice matrices, such as those that are embedded in carbon monoxide. Cosmic rays penetrating deep into dense clouds provide an efficient mechanism to desorb complex organic molecules. Compared to VUV photons induced by the interaction of cosmic rays, a large portion desorb as intact molecules with a proportion corresponding to the time-dependent bulk composition of the ice mantle, the latter evolving with time as a function of fluence due to the radiolysis of the bulk.