# A First Look on 3D Effects in Open Axion Haloscopes

## TL;DR

This paper investigates 3D electromagnetic effects in open axion haloscope setups like dish antennas and dielectric disks, providing realistic modeling insights crucial for advancing dark matter axion detection methods.

## Contribution

It introduces the first detailed analysis of 3D effects in dielectric haloscopes using finite element and Fourier optics methods, improving upon idealized 1D models.

## Key findings

- Diffraction effects diminish at higher axion masses.
- Larger disk radii reduce diffraction relevance.
- 3D effects are significant for realistic haloscope modeling.

## Abstract

We explore finite size 3D effects in open axion haloscopes such as a dish antenna, a dielectric disk and a minimal dielectric haloscope consisting of a mirror and one dielectric disk. Particularly dielectric haloscopes are a promising new method for detecting dark matter axions in the mass range above $40\,\mu{\rm eV}$. By using two specialized independent approaches - based on finite element methods and Fourier optics - we compute the electromagnetic fields in these settings expected in the presence of an axion dark matter field. This allows us to study diffraction and near field effects for realistically sized experimental setups in contrast to earlier idealized 1D studies with infinitely extended mirrors and disks. We also study axion velocity effects and disk tiling. Diffraction effects are found to become less relevant towards larger axion masses and for the larger disk radii for example aimed at in full size dielectric haloscopes such as MADMAX. The insights of our study not only provide a foundation for a realistic modelling of open axion dark matter search experiments in general, they are in particular also the first results taking into account 3D effects for dielectric haloscopes.