# A sharp stability criterion for single well Duffing and Duffing-like equations

## TL;DR

This paper refines stability criteria for certain Duffing and Duffing-like equations, improving conditions for exponential stability, uniqueness, and asymptotic behavior of solutions, including in infinite-dimensional Hilbert space settings.

## Contribution

It provides sharper stability conditions for single well Duffing equations and extends results to evolution equations with operator coefficients.

## Key findings

- Improved exponential stability criteria for linear ODEs with time-dependent coefficients.
- Enhanced conditions for uniqueness and asymptotic stability of solutions to nonlinear Duffing equations.
- Extension of stability results to operator-based evolution equations in Hilbert spaces.

## Abstract

We refine some previous sufficient conditions for exponential stability of the linear ODE $$ u''+ cu' + (b+a(t))u = 0$$ where $b, c>0$ and $a$ is a bounded nonnegative time dependent coefficient. This allows to improve some results on uniqueness and asymptotic stability of periodic or almost periodic solutions of the equation$$ u''+ cu' + g(u)=f(t) $$where $c>0$, $f \in L^\infty (R)$ and $g\in C^1(R)$ satisfies some sign hypotheses. The typical case is $ g(u) = bu + a\vert u\vert^p u $ with $a\ge 0 , b>0.$ Similar properties are valid for evolution equations of the form $$ u''+ cu' + (B+A(t))u = 0$$ where $A(t) $ and $B$ are self-adjoint operators on a real Hilbert space $H$ with $B$ coercive and $A(t)$ bounded in $L(H)$ with a sufficiently small bound of its norm in $L^{\infty}(R+, L(H))$ .