# A Survey of Asynchronous Programming Using Coroutines in the Internet of Things and Embedded Systems

## TL;DR

This survey reviews the use of coroutines in resource-constrained IoT and embedded systems, highlighting their applications, benefits, and implementation techniques, and emphasizes the need for a standardized C++ coroutine solution tailored for such devices.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive systematic mapping of existing research on coroutines in embedded systems, identifying trends, use cases, and gaps for future development.

## Key findings

- Coroutines are used mainly for concurrency, networking, sensors, and data flow.
- Most studies utilize 8/16-bit or 32-bit processors, with a focus on code simplicity and efficiency.
- Various implementation techniques include macros, tool chains, language features, and assembly.

## Abstract

Many Internet of Things and embedded projects are event-driven, and therefore require asynchronous and concurrent programming. Current proposals for C++20 suggest that coroutines will have native language support. It is timely to survey the current use of coroutines in embedded systems development. This paper investigates existing research which uses or describes coroutines on resource-constrained platforms. The existing research is analysed with regard to: software platform, hardware platform and capacity; use cases and intended benefits; and the application programming interface design used for coroutines. A systematic mapping study was performed, to select studies published between 2007 and 2018 which contained original research into the application of coroutines on resource-constrained platforms. An initial set of 566 candidate papers were reduced to only 35 after filters were applied, revealing the following taxonomy. The C & C++ programming languages were used by 22 studies out of 35. As regards hardware, 16 studies used 8- or 16-bit processors while 13 used 32-bit processors. The four most common use cases were concurrency (17 papers), network communication (15), sensor readings (9) and data flow (7). The leading intended benefits were code style and simplicity (12 papers), scheduling (9) and efficiency (8). A wide variety of techniques have been used to implement coroutines, including native macros, additional tool chain steps, new language features and non-portable assembly language. We conclude that there is widespread demand for coroutines on resource-constrained devices. Our findings suggest that there is significant demand for a formalised, stable, well-supported implementation of coroutines in C++, designed with consideration of the special needs of resource-constrained devices, and further that such an implementation would bring benefits specific to such devices.