A survey of Object Classification and Detection based on 2D/3D data

TL;DR

This survey reviews recent advances in 2D and 3D object classification and detection, highlighting challenges, data representations, and applications in autonomous systems, with a focus on deep learning methods.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of 2D and 3D object recognition techniques, analyzing their differences, challenges, and connections, and categorizes systems by application, data representation, and task.

Findings

3D methods improve location accuracy over 2D systems.

Challenges include data complexity, resource demands, and dataset scarcity.

Integration of 2D and 3D approaches enhances object recognition capabilities.

Abstract

Recently, by using deep neural network based algorithms, object classification, detection and semantic segmentation solutions are significantly improved. However, one challenge for 2D image-based systems is that they cannot provide accurate 3D location information. This is critical for location sensitive applications such as autonomous driving and robot navigation. On the other hand, 3D methods, such as RGB-D and RGB-LiDAR based systems, can provide solutions that significantly improve the RGB only approaches. That is why this is an interesting research area for both industry and academia. Compared with 2D image-based systems, 3D-based systems are more complicated due to the following five reasons: 1) Data representation itself is more complicated. 3D images can be represented by point clouds, meshes, volumes. 2D images have pixel grid representations. 2) The computation and memory resource requirement is higher as an extra dimension is added. 3) Different distribution of the objects and difference in scene areas between indoor and outdoor make one unified framework hard to achieve. 4) 3D data, especially for the outdoor scenario, is sparse compared with the dense 2D images which makes the detection task more challenging. Finally, large size labelled datasets, which are extremely important for supervised based algorithms, are still under construction compared with well-built 2D datasets such as ImageNet. Based on challenges listed above, the described systems are organized by application scenarios, data representation methods and main tasks addressed. At the same time, critical 2D based systems which greatly influence the 3D ones are also introduced to show the connection between them.