# A novel method for component separation of extended sources in X-ray astronomy

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new blind source separation method, GMCA, that jointly utilizes spatial and spectral data to disentangle and accurately extract components in X-ray astronomy, demonstrated on simulations and real Chandra data.

## Contribution

The paper adapts GMCA, a method from CMB analysis, for X-ray data to improve component separation by exploiting the full (x,y,E) data structure.

## Key findings

- GMCA effectively separates entangled components in simulated X-ray data.
- The method accurately recovers spectra and spatial maps of physical components.
- Application to Chandra data reveals detailed emission maps and element distributions.

## Abstract

In high-energy astronomy, spectro-imaging instruments such as X-ray detectors allow investigation of the spatial and spectral properties of extended sources including galaxy clusters, galaxies, diffuse interstellar medium, supernova remnants and pulsar wind nebulae. In these sources, each physical component possesses a different spatial and spectral signature, but the components are entangled. Extracting the intrinsic spatial and spectral information of the individual components from this data is a challenging task. Current analysis methods do not fully exploit the 2D-1D (x,y,E) nature of the data, as the spatial and spectral information are considered separately. Here we investigate the application of a Blind Source Separation algorithm that jointly exploits the spectral and spatial signatures of each component in order to disentangle them. We explore the capabilities of a new BSS method (General Morphological Component Analysis; GMCA), initially developed to extract an image of the Cosmic Microwave Background from Planck data, in an X-ray context. The performance of GMCA on X-ray data is tested using Monte-Carlo simulations of supernova remnant toy models, designed to represent typical science cases. We find that GMCA is able to separate highly entangled components in X-ray data even in high contrast scenarios, and can extract with high accuracy the spectrum and map of each physical component. A modification is proposed to improve the spectral fidelity in the case of strongly overlapping spatial components, and we investigate a resampling method to derive realistic uncertainties associated to the results of the algorithm. Applying the modified algorithm to the deep Chandra observations of Cassiopeia A, we are able to produce detailed maps of the synchrotron emission at low energies (0.6-2.2 keV), and of the red/blue shifted distributions of a number of elements including Si and Fe K.