# Pre-Supernova Neutrinos in Large Dark Matter Direct Detection Experiments

## TL;DR

Large dark matter detectors can detect pre-supernova neutrinos via coherent scattering, potentially providing early warnings of supernovae like Betelgeuse up to 10 hours before explosion, complementing neutrino telescopes.

## Contribution

This study demonstrates the sensitivity of large-scale dark matter detectors to pre-supernova neutrinos, highlighting their potential as early warning systems and complementary tools to neutrino telescopes.

## Key findings

- Argon-based detectors can detect 10-100 pre-SN neutrinos from 200 pc.
- Large xenon detectors could also detect pre-SN neutrinos.
- Potential to provide 10-hour early warning before supernova explosion.

## Abstract

The next Galactic core-collapse supernova (SN) is a highly anticipated observational target for neutrino telescopes. However, even prior to collapse, massive dying stars shine copiously in "pre-supernova" (pre-SN) neutrinos, which can potentially act as efficient SN warning alarms and provide novel information about the very last stages of stellar evolution. We explore the sensitivity to pre-SN neutrinos of large scale direct dark matter detection experiments, which, unlike dedicated neutrino telescopes, take full advantage of coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering. We find that argon-based detectors with target masses of $\mathcal{O}(100)$ tonnes (i.e. comparable in size to the proposed ARGO experiment) operating at sub-keV thresholds can detect $\mathcal{O}(10-100)$ pre-SN neutrinos coming from a source at a characteristic distance of $\sim$200 pc, such as Betelgeuse ($\alpha$ Orionis). Large-scale xenon-based experiments with similarly low thresholds could also be sensitive to pre-SN neutrinos. For a Betelgeuse-type source, large scale dark matter experiments could provide a SN warning siren $\sim$10 hours prior to the explosion. We also comment on the complementarity of large scale direct dark matter detection experiments and neutrino telescopes in the understanding of core-collapse SN.