# Effective Field Theory Treatment of Monopole Production by Drell-Yan and Photon Fusion for Various Spins

## TL;DR

This paper develops an effective field theory framework for monopole production via Drell-Yan and photon fusion processes, considering various spins and magnetic moments, to guide experimental searches at colliders.

## Contribution

It introduces a general analytical approach for monopole production cross sections with arbitrary magnetic moments and spins, extending previous models to include phenomenological parameters.

## Key findings

- Derived cross section formulas for monopoles of spins 0, 1/2, and 1.
- Inclusion of a phenomenological parameter for magnetic moment effects.
- Guidance for experimental monopole searches at CERN.

## Abstract

A resolution over the existence of magnetic charges has eluded the high energy physics community for centuries, and their search has gained momentum as recent models predict these may be observable at current colliders. They appear in field theories in two forms: the widely studied but heavily suppressed monopole with structure (soliton) and the not-so-well-covered point-like monopole. The latter was first proposed by Dirac as the source of a singular magnetic field and in effect symmetrises Maxwell's equations. Following this line of research, work by S. Baines et al. analysed these sources as matter fields that carry spins 0, $\frac{1}{2}$, or 1, in an effective field theory that is perturbative for monopoles produced at threshold where the coupling strength $g(\beta)$ is suppressed. All three cases are currently under investigation by the MoEDAL collaboration at CERN, and the theoretical expressions for kinematic distributions proposed in this work serve as guides to these searches. The cross section distributions in each case are derived from a \emph{U}(1) invariant gauge theory. It is not assumed that, like the electron, the monopole's magnetic moment is generated through spin interactions at minimal coupling, as it may be quite large. Instead, the analytical expressions in the spin $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ cases are kept completely general through the inclusion of a phenomenological parameter $\kappa$, related to the gyromagnetic ratio $g_R=1+\kappa$. In fact, the inclusion of this parameter gives the effective theory validity in the high energy limit if the magnetic coupling scales with the particle's velocity $\beta=\frac{v}{c}$.