# Statistical Study of Whistler Waves in the Solar Wind at 1 AU

## TL;DR

This study provides a comprehensive statistical analysis of whistler waves in the solar wind at 1 AU, revealing their occurrence, properties, and potential generation mechanisms, with implications for understanding solar wind plasma dynamics.

## Contribution

It offers the first large-scale statistical characterization of whistler waves in the solar wind, including their occurrence probability, amplitudes, frequencies, and relation to plasma parameters.

## Key findings

- Whistler wave occurrence probability depends on electron temperature anisotropy.
- Wave amplitudes are generally below 0.02 of the background magnetic field.
- Frequencies are bounded by plasma parameters, especially $eta_{e}$.

## Abstract

Whistler waves are intermittently present in the solar wind, while their origin and effects are not entirely understood. We present a statistical analysis of magnetic field fluctuations in the whistler frequency range (above 16 Hz) based on about 801,500 magnetic field spectra measured over three years aboard ARTEMIS spacecraft in the pristine solar wind. About 13,700 spectra (30 hours in total) with intense magnetic field fluctuations satisfy the interpretation in terms of quasi-parallel whistler waves. We provide estimates of the whistler wave occurrence probability, amplitudes, frequencies and bandwidths. The occurrence probability of whistler waves is shown to strongly depend on the electron temperature anisotropy. The whistler waves amplitudes are in the range from about 0.01 to 0.1 nT and typically below 0.02 of the background magnetic field. The frequencies of the whistler waves are shown to be below an upper bound that is dependent on $\beta_{e}$. The correlations established between the whistler wave properties and local macroscopic plasma parameters suggest that the observed whistler waves can be generated in local plasmas by the whistler heat flux instability. The whistler wave amplitudes are typically small, which questions the hypothesis that quasi-parallel whistler waves are capable to regulate the electron heat flux in the solar wind. We show that the observed whistler waves have sufficiently wide bandwidths and small amplitudes, so that effects of the whistler waves on electrons can be addressed in the frame of the quasi-linear theory.