# Computing Bounds on Product-Graph Pebbling Numbers

## TL;DR

This paper develops an integer programming approach to compute bounds on the pebbling number of product graphs, providing new insights and improved bounds relevant to Graham's conjecture in graph pebbling.

## Contribution

It introduces a computationally feasible IP-based method for bounding pebbling numbers of Cartesian product graphs, aiding the investigation of Graham's conjecture.

## Key findings

- Improved bounds on $ ext{pi}(L imes L)$, a potential counterexample.
- Computational results for various Cartesian-product graphs.
- Enhanced understanding of pebbling number bounds in complex graphs.

## Abstract

Given a distribution of pebbles to the vertices of a graph, a pebbling move removes two pebbles from a single vertex and places a single pebble on an adjacent vertex. The pebbling number $\pi(G)$ is the smallest number such that, for any distribution of $\pi(G)$ pebbles to the vertices of $G$ and choice of root vertex $r$ of $G$, there exists a sequence of pebbling moves that places a pebble on $r$. Computing $\pi(G)$ is provably difficult, and recent methods for bounding $\pi(G)$ have proved computationally intractable, even for moderately sized graphs. Graham conjectured that $\pi(G ~\square~ H) \leq \pi(G) \pi(H)$, where $G ~\square~ H$ is the Cartesian product of $G$ and $H$ (1989). While the conjecture has been verified for specific families of graphs, in general it remains open. This study combines the focus of developing a computationally tractable, IP-based method for generating good bounds on $\pi(G ~\square~ H)$, with the goal of shedding light on Graham's conjecture.We provide computational results for a variety of Cartesian-product graphs, including some that are known to satisfy Graham's conjecture and some that are not. Our approach leads to a sizable improvement on the best known bound for $\pi(L ~\square~ L)$, where $L$ is the Lemke graph, and $L ~\square~ L$ is among the smallest known potential counterexamples to Graham's conjecture.