# Systematic investigation of the particle spectra in Heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

## TL;DR

This study introduces the generalized Fokker-Planck solution (GFPS) to accurately model charged particle spectra in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, covering a wide momentum range and comparing it to Tsallis distribution limitations.

## Contribution

The paper presents a new empirical GFPS model that effectively reproduces particle spectra in heavy-ion collisions across multiple energies and centralities, outperforming traditional Tsallis distribution.

## Key findings

- GFPS reproduces spectra up to 45 GeV/c with 30% discrepancy
- Discrepancy reduces to 15% when cut at 20 GeV/c
- Tsallis distribution limited to spectra up to 8 GeV/c in A+A collisions

## Abstract

We investigate the charged particle spectra produced in the heavy-ion collisions at nine centralities from different systems, i.e., Pb+Pb at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV and 5.02 TeV as well as Xe+Xe at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.44$ TeV, at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using one empirical formula inspired by the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation, dubbed as the generalized Fokker-Planck solution (GFPS). Our results show that the GFPS can reproduce the experimental particle spectrum up to transverse momentum $p_T$ about 45 GeV/c with the maximum discrepancy 30\% covering 10 orders of magnitude. The discrepancy between the data and the results from the GFPS decreases to 15\% when the maximum of the charged particle transverse momentum is cut to 20 GeV/c. We confirmed that the Tsallis distribution derived from the non-extensive statistics, which can reproduce the particle spectra produced in small collision systems, such as p+p, up to few hundreds GeV/c, can only apply to systematically study the particle spectra up to 8 GeV/c in A+A collisions at LHC, as pointed out in the study of identified particle spectra in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV. The possible explanation why GFPS functions well is also discussed.