# He abundances in disc galaxies -- I. Predictions from cosmological chemodynamical simulations

## TL;DR

This paper uses cosmological chemodynamical simulations to study how helium abundances evolve in star-forming disc galaxies, revealing complex relations with metallicity and galaxy structure that inform stellar modeling.

## Contribution

It provides new predictions on the evolution of helium abundance in galaxies, highlighting the dependence on star formation history and chemical element used as metallicity proxy.

## Key findings

- He mass fraction $Y$ varies with metallicity $Z$ and star formation history.
- Radial gradients of $Y$ are negative, indicating inside-out galaxy growth.
- C, N, and C+N are better proxies for metallicity than O in stellar models.

## Abstract

We investigate how the stellar and gas-phase He abundances evolve as functions of time within simulated star-forming disc galaxies with different star formation histories. We make use of a cosmological chemodynamical simulation for galaxy formation and evolution, which includes star formation, as well as energy and chemical enrichment feedback from asymptotic giant branch stars, core-collapse supernovae, and Type Ia supernovae. The predicted relations between the He mass fraction, $Y$, and the metallicity, $Z$, in the interstellar medium of our simulated disc galaxies depend on the past galaxy star formation history. In particular, $dY/dZ$ is not constant and evolves as a function of time, depending on the specific chemical element that we choose to trace $Z$; in particular, $dY/dX_{\text{O}}$ and $dY/dX_{\text{C}}$ increase as functions of time, whereas $dY/dX_{\text{N}}$ decreases. In the gas-phase, we find negative radial gradients of $Y$, due to the inside-out growth of our simulated galaxy discs as a function of time; this gives rise to longer chemical enrichment time scales in the outer galaxy regions, where we find lower average values for $Y$ and $Z$. Finally, by means of chemical evolution models, in the galactic bulge and inner disc, we predict steeper $Y$ versus age relations at high $Z$ than in the outer galaxy regions. We conclude that, for calibrating the assumed $Y$-$Z$ relation in stellar models, C, N, and C+N are better proxies for the metallicity than O, because they show steeper and less scattered relations.