# The Robin Laplacian - spectral conjectures, rectangular theorems

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the spectral properties of the Robin Laplacian, providing new results for rectangles that support existing conjectures about eigenvalues, including extremal shapes and spectral behavior relative to the Robin parameter.

## Contribution

It offers novel proofs and results for rectangular domains, including extremal properties of eigenvalues and spectral ratios, supporting broader spectral conjectures for arbitrary domains.

## Key findings

- Square minimizes the first eigenvalue among rectangles under perimeter scaling.
- Square maximizes the second eigenvalue for certain Robin parameters.
- Line segment minimizes the spectral gap under diameter normalization.

## Abstract

The first two eigenvalues of the Robin Laplacian are investigated along with their gap and ratio. Conjectures by various authors for arbitrary domains are supported here by new results for rectangular boxes. Results for rectangular domains include that: the square minimizes the first eigenvalue among rectangles under area normalization, when the Robin parameter $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ is scaled by perimeter; that the square maximizes the second eigenvalue for a sharp range of $\alpha$-values; that the line segment minimizes the Robin spectral gap under diameter normalization for each $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$; and the square maximizes the spectral ratio among rectangles when $\alpha>0$. Further, the spectral gap of each rectangle is shown to be an increasing function of the Robin parameter, and the second eigenvalue is concave with respect to $\alpha$. Lastly, the shape of a Robin rectangle can be heard from just its first two frequencies, except in the Neumann case.