# Non-equilibrium probability flux of a thermally driven micromachine

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes the non-equilibrium steady state probability flux of a thermally driven three-sphere micromachine, revealing how temperature differences induce directed motion and distinguish non-equilibrium from equilibrium states.

## Contribution

It derives the steady state probability distribution and flux for a three-sphere micromachine, linking the flux to temperature differences and average velocity, and relates it to the scallop theorem.

## Key findings

- Probability flux expressed via a frequency matrix.
- Flux proportional to temperature difference.
- Eigenvalue of frequency matrix relates to average velocity.

## Abstract

We discuss the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of a thermally driven micromachine consisting of three spheres and two harmonic springs [Y. Hosaka et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 86, 113801 (2017)]. We obtain the non-equilibrium steady state probability distribution function of such a micromachine and calculate its probability flux in the corresponding configuration space. The resulting probability flux can be expressed in terms of a frequency matrix that is used to distinguish between a non-equilibrium steady state and a thermal equilibrium state satisfying detailed balance. The frequency matrix is shown to be proportional to the temperature difference between the spheres. We obtain a linear relation between the eigenvalue of the frequency matrix and the average velocity of a thermally driven micromachine that can undergo a directed motion in a viscous fluid. This relation is consistent with the scallop theorem for a deterministic three-sphere microswimmer.