# The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Evidence for Pervasive Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in Nearby Edge-On Galaxies

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) is common in nearby edge-on galaxies, characterized by measurable scale heights, velocity lags, and ionization properties, primarily driven by star formation activity.

## Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive analysis of eDIG prevalence, properties, and kinematics in a sizable sample of edge-on galaxies from the CALIFA survey, highlighting its widespread nature and connection to star formation.

## Key findings

- 90% of galaxies have measurable eDIG scale heights with median 0.8 kpc.
- 60% of galaxies show a velocity lag characteristic of eDIG, median 21 km/s/kpc.
- eDIG ionization is dominated by star-forming regions and is pervasive in star-forming galaxies.

## Abstract

We investigate the prevalence, properties, and kinematics of extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) in a sample of 25 edge-on galaxies selected from the CALIFA survey. We measure ionized gas scale heights from ${\rm H\alpha}$ and find that 90% have measurable scale heights with a median of $0.8^{+0.7}_{-0.4}$ kpc. From the ${\rm H\alpha}$ kinematics, we find that 60% of galaxies show a decrease in the rotation velocity as a function of height above the midplane. This lag is characteristic of eDIG, and we measure a median lag of 21 km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$ which is comparable to lags measured in the literature. We also investigate variations in the lag with radius. $\rm H{\small I}$ lags have been reported to systematically decrease with galactocentric radius. We find both increasing and decreasing ionized gas lags with radius, as well as a large number of galaxies consistent with no radial lag variation, and investigate these results in the context of internal and external origins for the lagging ionized gas. We confirm that the ${\rm [S{\small II}]}$/${\rm H\alpha}$ and ${\rm [N{\small II}]}$/${\rm H\alpha}$ line ratios increase with height above the midplane as is characteristic of eDIG. The ionization of the eDIG is dominated by star-forming complexes (leaky ${\rm H{\small II}}$ regions). We conclude that the lagging ionized gas is turbulent ejected gas likely resulting from star formation activity in the disk as opposed to gas in the stellar thick disk or bulge. This is further evidence for the eDIG being a product of stellar feedback and for the pervasiveness of this WIM-like phase in many local star-forming galaxies.