# Critical properties of deterministic and stochastic sandpile models on two-dimensional percolation backbone

## TL;DR

This study compares deterministic and stochastic sandpile models on a 2D percolation backbone, revealing distinct critical behaviors and universality classes influenced by the backbone's fractal structure.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that the stochastic sandpile model on a fractal backbone exhibits finite size scaling and belongs to a new universality class, unlike the deterministic model.

## Key findings

- SSM obeys finite size scaling on the backbone.
- Critical exponents of SSM relate to the backbone's fractal dimension.
- Deterministic BTW model retains multifractal behavior despite the fractal structure.

## Abstract

Both the deterministic and stochastic sandpile models are studied on the percolation backbone, a random fractal, generated on a square lattice in $2$-dimensions. In spite of the underline random structure of the backbone, the deterministic Bak Tang Wiesenfeld (BTW) model preserves its positive time auto-correlation and multifractal behaviour due to its complete toppling balance, whereas the critical properties of the stochastic sandpile model (SSM) still exhibits finite size scaling (FSS) as it exhibits on the regular lattices. Analysing the topography of the avalanches, various scaling relations are developed. While for the SSM, the extended set of critical exponents obtained is found to obey various the scaling relation in terms of the fractal dimension $d_f^B$ of the backbone, whereas the deterministic BTW model, on the other hand, does not. As the critical exponents of the SSM defined on the backbone are related to $d_f^B$, the backbone fractal dimension, they are found to be entirely different from those of the SSM defined on the regular lattice as well as on other deterministic fractals. The SSM on the percolation backbone is found to obey FSS but belongs to a new stochastic universality class.