# Emergence of an Onion-like Network in Surface Growth and Its Strong Robustness

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that onion-like network structures can naturally emerge in surface growth models of spatially embedded systems, showing high robustness with the right link configurations.

## Contribution

It reveals the emergence of onion-like networks in surface growth constrained systems, highlighting the role of moderately long links inspired by social theories.

## Key findings

- Onion-like networks can form under surface growth constraints.
- Moderately long links are essential for onion-like structure emergence.
- These networks exhibit strong robustness.

## Abstract

We numerically investigate that optimal robust onion-like networks can emerge even with the constraint of surface growth in supposing a spatially embedded transportation or communication system. To be onion-like, moderately long links are necessary in the attachment through intermediations inspired from a social organization theory.