# Time-Contrastive Learning Based Deep Bottleneck Features for Text-Dependent Speaker Verification

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a time-contrastive learning approach for extracting deep bottleneck features that improve text-dependent speaker verification by exploiting speech's non-stationarity without requiring labeled data.

## Contribution

It proposes a novel TCL-based BN feature extraction method that leverages temporal speech structure and unsupervised clustering, outperforming traditional features in speaker verification.

## Key findings

- TCL-BN features outperform cepstral and pass-phrase discriminant BN features.
- TCL-BN achieves performance comparable to ASR-based BN features.
- Unsupervised segmentation enhances feature robustness.

## Abstract

There are a number of studies about extraction of bottleneck (BN) features from deep neural networks (DNNs)trained to discriminate speakers, pass-phrases and triphone states for improving the performance of text-dependent speaker verification (TD-SV). However, a moderate success has been achieved. A recent study [1] presented a time contrastive learning (TCL) concept to explore the non-stationarity of brain signals for classification of brain states. Speech signals have similar non-stationarity property, and TCL further has the advantage of having no need for labeled data. We therefore present a TCL based BN feature extraction method. The method uniformly partitions each speech utterance in a training dataset into a predefined number of multi-frame segments. Each segment in an utterance corresponds to one class, and class labels are shared across utterances. DNNs are then trained to discriminate all speech frames among the classes to exploit the temporal structure of speech. In addition, we propose a segment-based unsupervised clustering algorithm to re-assign class labels to the segments. TD-SV experiments were conducted on the RedDots challenge database. The TCL-DNNs were trained using speech data of fixed pass-phrases that were excluded from the TD-SV evaluation set, so the learned features can be considered phrase-independent. We compare the performance of the proposed TCL bottleneck (BN) feature with those of short-time cepstral features and BN features extracted from DNNs discriminating speakers, pass-phrases, speaker+pass-phrase, as well as monophones whose labels and boundaries are generated by three different automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Experimental results show that the proposed TCL-BN outperforms cepstral features and speaker+pass-phrase discriminant BN features, and its performance is on par with those of ASR derived BN features. Moreover,....