# Cosmological Particle Creation Beyond de Sitter

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent research on gravitational particle creation in cosmological models beyond de Sitter spacetime, focusing on radiation and dark energy dominated stages, and analyzes quantum field behavior across multiple universe expansion phases.

## Contribution

It presents new insights into particle creation during radiation and dark energy dominated eras, extending understanding beyond de Sitter models and analyzing quantum state evolution.

## Key findings

- Particle creation occurs significantly in radiation dominated universe.
- Quantum vacuum states evolve distinctly across different cosmological stages.
- Field modes exhibit classical behavior at late times.

## Abstract

Over the years, de Sitter spacetime has been a central focus, in studies involving quantum fields, for its importance in the early and late expansion stages of the universe. While de Sitter spacetime closely mimics characteristics of the inflationary and dark energy dominated universe it does not help to understand the radiation and matter dominated expansions. In this review, we revisit some recent works, involving the author, which study gravitational particle creation beyond the de Sitter stage. Specifically, we present novel aspects of particle creation in the radiation dominated universe, and then provide an analysis of time evolution of the primordial (Bunch-Davies) vacuum state, its particle excitation and quantum versus classical behavior of field modes, in a multi stage universe, comprising of, (i) the inflationary de Sitter, (ii) the radiation dominated and, (iii) the late dark energy dominated stages.