# Birkhoff--James orthogonality of operators in semi-Hilbertian spaces and its applications

## TL;DR

This paper generalizes Birkhoff--James orthogonality for operators in semi-Hilbertian spaces, providing characterizations, formulas, and extending classical theorems to this broader context.

## Contribution

It introduces a new orthogonality relation in semi-Hilbertian spaces, extending existing theorems and deriving new formulas for operator distances.

## Key findings

- Characterization of Birkhoff--James orthogonality via sequences of $A$-unit vectors.
- Extension of a theorem by Bhatia and Semrl to semi-Hilbertian spaces.
- Derivation of $A$-distance formulas involving supremum over orthogonal vectors.

## Abstract

In this paper, the concept of Birkhoff--James orthogonality of operators on a Hilbert space is generalized when a semi-inner product is considered. More precisely, for linear operators $T$ and $S$ on a complex Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, a new relation $T\perp^B_A S$ is defined if $T$ and $S$ are bounded with respect to the seminorm induced by a positive operator $A$ satisfying ${\|T + \gamma S\|}_A\geq {\|T\|}_A$ for all $\gamma \in \mathbb{C}$. We extend a theorem due to R. Bhatia and P. \v{S}emrl, by proving that $T\perp^B_A S$ if and only if there exists a sequence of $A$-unit vectors $\{x_n\}$ in $\mathcal{H}$ such that $\displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty}}{\|Tx_n\|}_A = {\|T\|}_A$ and $\displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty}}{\langle Tx_n, Sx_n\rangle}_A = 0$. In addition, we give some $A$-distance formulas. Particularly, we prove \begin{align*} \displaystyle{\inf_{\gamma \in \mathbb{C}}}{\|T + \gamma S\|}_{A} = \sup\Big\{|{\langle Tx, y\rangle}_A|; \, {\|x\|}_{A} = {\|y\|}_{A} = 1, \, {\langle Sx, y\rangle}_A = 0\Big\}. \end{align*} Some other related results are also discussed.