# Excitation modes of bright matter-wave solitons

## TL;DR

This paper experimentally investigates the excitation modes of bright matter-wave solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate, analyzing their breathing frequencies, higher-order modes, and wave packet splitting.

## Contribution

It provides new experimental insights into the excitation dynamics of matter-wave solitons, including the effects of quench parameters on their modes and comparison with theoretical models.

## Key findings

- Breathing modes are excited and their frequencies depend on atom number and confinement.
- Signatures of higher-order solitons and wave packet splitting are observed.
- Experimental results agree with analytical and numerical predictions.

## Abstract

We experimentally study the excitation modes of bright matter-wave solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry. The solitons are created by quenching the interactions of a Bose-Einstein condensate of cesium atoms from repulsive to attractive in combination with a rapid reduction of the longitudinal confinement. A deliberate mismatch of quench parameters allows for the excitation of breathing modes of the emerging soliton and for the determination of its breathing frequency as a function of atom number and confinement. In addition, we observe signatures of higher-order solitons and the splitting of the wave packet after the quench. Our experimental results are compared to analytical predictions and to numerical simulations of the one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation.