# Testing Bipartitness in an Augmented VDF Bounded-Degree Graph Model

## TL;DR

This paper develops nearly-linear time property testers for bipartiteness and cycle-freeness in an augmented bounded-degree graph model that includes access to an unknown vertex distribution, extending previous models.

## Contribution

It introduces an augmented testing model with an oracle for the unknown distribution and provides almost-linear complexity testers for bipartiteness and cycle-freeness.

## Key findings

- Developed nearly-linear time testers for bipartiteness.
- Created testers for cycle-freeness with similar complexity.
- Extended the VDF model with an oracle for the distribution.

## Abstract

In a recent work (ECCC, TR18-171, 2018), we introduced models of testing graph properties in which, in addition to answers to the usual graph-queries, the tester obtains {\em random vertices drawn according to an arbitrary distribution $D$}. Such a tester is required to distinguish between graphs that have the property and graphs that are far from having the property, {\em where the distance between graphs is defined based on the unknown vertex distribution $D$}. These ("vertex-distribution free" (VDF)) models generalize the standard models in which $D$ is postulated to be uniform on the vertex-set, and they were studies both in the dense graph model and in the bounded-degree graph model. The focus of the aforementioned work was on testers, called {\sf strong}, whose query complexity depends only on the proximity parameter $\epsilon$. Unfortunately, in the standard bounded-degree graph model, some natural properties such as Bipartiteness do not have strong testers, and others (like cycle-freeness) do not have strong testers of one-sided error (whereas one-sided error was shown inherent to the VDF model). Hence, it was suggested to study general (i.e., non-strong) testers of "sub-linear" complexity. In this work, we pursue the foregoing suggestion, but do so in a model that augments the model presented in the aforementioned work. Specifically, we provide the tester with an evaluation oracle to the unknown distribution $D$, in addition to samples of $D$ and oracle access to the tested graph. Our main results are testers for Bipartitness and cycle-freeness, in this augmented model, having complexity that is almost-linear in the square root of the "effective support size" of $D$.