# Curved surface geometry-induced topological change of an excitable planar wave

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that the geometry of curved surfaces can induce topological changes in stable excitable waves, with specific conditions related to surface size and geodesic bifurcation explaining the phenomenon.

## Contribution

The paper reveals that curved surface geometry can cause topological changes in excitable waves, identifying key conditions and mechanisms underlying this process.

## Key findings

- Topological changes occur when the surface height exceeds the wave width.
- Bifurcation of minimal geodesics leads to topological change.
- Wave topology can be predicted based on surface size and geometry.

## Abstract

On the curved surfaces of living and nonliving materials, planar excitable waves frequently exhibit directional change and subsequently undergo a topological change; that is, a series of wave dynamics from fusion, annihilation to splitting. Theoretical studies have shown that excitable planar stable waves change their topology significantly depending on the initial conditions on flat surfaces, whereas the directional-change of the waves occurs based on the geometry of curved surfaces. However, it is not clear if the geometry of curved surfaces induces this topological change. In this study, we first show the curved surface geometry-induced topological changes in a planar stable wave by numerically solving an excitable reaction-diffusion equation on a bell-shaped surface. We determined two necessary conditions for inducing topological change: the characteristic length of the curved surface (i.e., height of the bell-shaped structure) should be larger than the width of the wave and than a threshold independent of the wave width. As for the geometrical mechanism of the latter, we found that a bifurcation of the globally minimum geodesics (i.e. minimal paths) on the curved surface leads to the topological change. These conditions imply that wave topology changes can be predicted on the basis of curved surfaces, whose structure is larger than the wave width.