# Probing the Innermost Ejecta Layers in SNR Kes 75: Implications for the Supernova Progenitor

## TL;DR

This study uses Herschel far-IR observations and hydrodynamical modeling of SNR Kes 75 to analyze its innermost ejecta layers, constraining the progenitor star's mass and explosion energy, and linking it to magnetar formation.

## Contribution

It presents the first detailed far-IR analysis of Kes 75's ejecta, constrains the progenitor mass to 8-12 solar masses, and links low-energy explosions to magnetar formation.

## Key findings

- Detected broadened oxygen and carbon lines from ejecta.
- Estimated 0.05-0.1 solar masses of ejecta swept by PWN.
- Favored progenitor mass range of 8-12 solar masses.

## Abstract

Supernova remnants (SNRs) that contain pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are characterized by distinct evolutionary stages. In very young systems, the PWN drives a shock into the innermost supernova (SN) material, giving rise to low-excitation lines and an infrared (IR) continuum from heated dust grains. These observational signatures make it possible to cleanly measure the properties of the deepest SN ejecta layers that can, in turn, provide constraints on the SN progenitor. We present Herschel Space Observatory far-IR observations of the PWN in the Galactic SNR Kes 75, containing the youngest known pulsar that exhibited magnetar-like activity. We detect highly-broadened oxygen and carbon line emission that arises from the SN ejecta encountered by the PWN. We also detect a small amount (a few thousandths of a solar mass) of shock-heated dust that spatially coincides with the ejecta material and was likely formed in the SN explosion. We use hydrodynamical models to simulate the evolution of Kes 75 and find that the PWN has so far swept up 0.05-0.1 solar masses of SN ejecta. Using explosion and nucleosynthesis models for different progenitor masses in combination with shock models, we compare the predicted far-IR emission with the observed line intensities and find that lower mass and explosion energy SN progenitors with mildly mixed ejecta profiles and comparable abundance fractions of carbon and oxygen are favored over higher mass ones. We conclude that Kes 75 likely resulted from an 8-12 solar-mass progenitor, providing further evidence that lower energy explosions of such progenitors can give rise to magnetars.