# Transferable Knowledge for Low-cost Decision Making in Cloud Environments

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a transfer learning approach that significantly reduces the time and cost of building prediction models for cloud application performance by transferring knowledge across applications and cloud providers.

## Contribution

We develop a novel transfer learning scheme that leverages existing models to efficiently predict cloud application performance, reducing training overhead in diverse cloud environments.

## Key findings

- Achieves 60% reduction in model training time and cost
- Effective across multiple applications and cloud providers
- Improves decision support system efficiency in cloud environments

## Abstract

Users of cloud computing are increasingly overwhelmed with the wide range of providers and services offered by each provider. As such, many users select cloud services based on description alone. An emerging alternative is to use a decision support system (DSS), which typically relies on gaining insights from observational data in order to assist a customer in making decisions regarding optimal deployment or redeployment of cloud applications. The primary activity of such systems is the generation of a prediction model (e.g. using machine learning), which requires a significantly large amount of training data. However, considering the varying architectures of applications, cloud providers, and cloud offerings, this activity is not sustainable as it incurs additional time and cost to collect training data and subsequently train the models. We overcome this through developing a Transfer Learning (TL) approach where the knowledge (in the form of the prediction model and associated data set) gained from running an application on a particular cloud infrastructure is transferred in order to substantially reduce the overhead of building new models for the performance of new applications and/or cloud infrastructures. In this paper, we present our approach and evaluate it through extensive experimentation involving three real world applications over two major public cloud providers, namely Amazon and Google. Our evaluation shows that our novel two-mode TL scheme increases overall efficiency with a factor of 60\% reduction in the time and cost of generating a new prediction model. We test this under a number of cross-application and cross-cloud scenarios.