# Short GRB 160821B: a reverse shock, a refreshed shock, and a well-sampled kilonova

## TL;DR

This paper presents detailed multi-wavelength observations of short GRB 160821B, revealing complex afterglow features, a kilonova with specific ejecta masses, and evidence for a refreshed shock and reverse shock, advancing understanding of neutron star mergers.

## Contribution

It provides the most well-sampled kilonova light-curve without a gravitational wave trigger and identifies a refreshed shock and reverse shock in the afterglow of a short GRB.

## Key findings

- Detection of a kilonova with specific ejecta masses.
- Evidence for a refreshed shock at >1 day post-burst.
- Observation of a reverse shock in the radio afterglow.

## Abstract

We report our identification of the optical afterglow and host galaxy of the short-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 160821B. The spectroscopic redshift of the host is $z=0.162$, making it one of the lowest redshift sGRBs identified by Swift. Our intensive follow-up campaign using a range of ground-based facilities as well as HST, XMM and Swift, shows evidence for a late-time excess of optical and near-infrared emission in addition to a complex afterglow. The afterglow light-curve at X-ray frequencies reveals a narrow jet, $\theta_j\sim1.9^{+0.10}_{-0.03}$ deg, that is refreshed at $>1$ day post-burst by a slower outflow with significantly more energy than the initial outflow that produced the main GRB. Observations of the 5 GHz radio afterglow shows a reverse shock into a mildly magnetised shell. The optical and near-infrared excess is fainter than AT2017gfo associated with GW170817, and is well explained by a kilonova with dynamic ejecta mass $M_{\rm dyn}=(1.0\pm0.6)\times10^{-3}$ M$_{\odot}$ and a secular (postmerger) ejecta mass with $M_{\rm pm}=(1.0\pm0.6)\times10^{-2}$ M$_\odot$, consistent with a binary neutron star merger resulting in a short-lived massive neutron star. This optical and near-infrared dataset provides the best-sampled kilonova light-curve without a gravitational wave trigger to date.