# Gravitational lensing in dispersive media and deflection angle of charged massive particles in terms of curvature scalars and energy-momentum tensor

## TL;DR

This paper extends gravitational lensing analysis to dispersive media like plasma, deriving deflection angles using energy-momentum tensors and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, and applies it to charged particles in Reissner-Nordström spacetime.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel method to compute lensing effects in plasma media and relates photon and massive particle trajectories through curvature and energy-momentum tensors.

## Key findings

- Derived expressions for deflection angles in plasma media.
- Established a correspondence between photon and massive particle trajectories.
- Computed deflection angles for charged particles in Reissner-Nordström spacetime.

## Abstract

In this work we extend the approach used in [Emanuel Gallo and Osvaldo M. Moreschi, Phys. Rev. D 83, 12 083007 (2011)] to the study of weak gravitational lensing in a plasma medium. First, we present expressions for the deflection angle and optical scalars in terms of the components of the energy-momentum tensor for spherically symmetric lenses surrounded by a cold non-magnetized plasma. Second, we show that the same expressions can be deduced using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. Finally, we establish a correspondence between the spatial orbits of photons in a non-homogeneous plasma and the non-geodesic curves followed by test massive particles whose dynamics also depend on an external central field. As an application, we use the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle of the non-geodesic trajectories followed by relativistic test massive charged particles in a Reissner-Nordstr\"om spacetime.