# Two-tone spectroscopy of a SQUID metamaterial in the nonlinear regime

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the nonlinear behavior of a SQUID metamaterial using two-tone spectroscopy, revealing resonance oscillations, instabilities, sidebands, and second harmonic generation, supported by both experimental data and theoretical analysis.

## Contribution

It provides a combined experimental and theoretical study of nonlinear effects in SQUID metamaterials under strong microwave driving.

## Key findings

- Resonance frequency oscillations increase with pump power
- Observation of instabilities and sidebands in probe transmission
- Detection of strong second harmonic generation

## Abstract

Compact microwave resonantors made of superconducting rings containing Josephson junctions (SQUIDs) are attractive candidates for building frequency tunable metamaterials with low losses and pronounced nonlinear properties. We explore the nonlinearity of a SQUID metamaterial by performing a two-tone resonant spectroscopy. The small-amplitude response of the metamaterial under strong driving by a microwave pump tone is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The transmission coefficient $S_{21}$ of a weak probe signal is measured in the presence of the pump tone. Increasing the power of the pump, we observe pronounced oscillations of the SQUID's resonance frequency $f_{\textrm{res}}$. The shape of these oscillations varies significantly with the frequency of the pump tone $f_{\textrm{dr}}$. The response to the probe signal displays instabilities and sidebands. A state with strong second harmonic generation is observed. We provide a theoretical analysis of these observations, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.