# Positioning and Location-Aware Communications for Modern Railways with 5G New Radio

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how 5G NR can enable high-accuracy train localization, improve beam management, and enhance throughput in high-speed railway communications, especially at millimeter wave frequencies.

## Contribution

It introduces novel methods for continuous train localization, beam management, Doppler precompensation, and ICI mitigation tailored for 5G NR in high-speed railway scenarios.

## Key findings

- Sub-meter positioning accuracy achieved at 30 GHz.
- High probabilities (95-99%) for accurate localization and beam-direction.
- Significant throughput improvements with Doppler and ICI compensation methods.

## Abstract

Providing high-capacity radio connectivity for high-speed trains (HSTs) is one of the most important use cases of emerging 5G New Radio (NR) networks. In this article, we show that 5G NR technology can also facilitate high-accuracy continuous localization and tracking of HSTs. Furthermore, we describe and demonstrate how the NR network can utilize the continuous location information for efficient beam-management and beamforming, as well as for downlink Doppler precompensation in the single-frequency network context. Additionally, with particular focus on millimeter wave networks, novel concepts for low-latency intercarrier interference (ICI) estimation and compensation, due to residual Doppler and oscillator phase noise, are described and demonstrated. The provided numerical results at 30 GHz operating band show that sub-meter positioning and sub-degree beam-direction accuracies can be obtained with very high probabilities in the order of 95-99%. The results also show that the described Doppler precompensation and ICI estimation and cancellation methods substantially improve the throughput of the single-frequency HST network.