# Simple ions control the elasticity of calcite gels via interparticle forces

## TL;DR

This study investigates how simple ions like calcium, sodium, and hydroxide influence the elasticity of calcite gels, revealing ion-specific effects on interparticle forces and gel rigidity through experimental and theoretical analysis.

## Contribution

It demonstrates how different ions modulate calcite gel elasticity by altering interparticle forces, extending understanding beyond small repulsion regimes using DLVO theory.

## Key findings

- Calcium hydroxide causes a shear modulus minimum linked to a DLVO energy barrier maximum.
- Sodium hydroxide fully screens surface charge, increasing gel rigidity.
- Carbonation leads to high, convergent gel elasticity regardless of initial conditions.

## Abstract

Suspensions of calcite in water are employed in many industrial fields such as paper filling, pharmaceutics, heritage conservation or building construction, where the rheological properties of the paste need to be controlled. We measure the impact of simple ions such as calcium, sodium or hydroxide on the elasticity of a nanocalcite paste, which behaves as a colloidal gel. We confront our macroscopic measurements to DLVO interaction potentials, based on chemical speciations and measurements of the zeta potential. By changing the ion type and concentration, we go beyond the small repulsion regime and span two orders of magnitude in shear modulus. Upon addition of calcium hydroxide, we observe a minimum in shear modulus, correlated to a maximum in the DLVO energy barrier, due to two competing effects: Calcium adsorption onto calcite surface rises the zeta potential and consequently the electrostatic repulsion, while increasing salt concentration induces stronger electrostatic screening. We also demonstrate that the addition of sodium hydroxide completely screens the surface charge and leads to a more rigid paste. A second important result is that carbonation of the calcite suspensions by the atmospheric CO 2 leads to a convergent high elasticity of the colloidal gels, whatever their initial value, also well rationalized by DLVO theory and resulting from a decrease in zeta potential and in surface charge density.