# Epistasis between cultural traits drives paradigm shifts in cultural evolution

## TL;DR

This paper presents a population dynamics model showing that cultural trait interactions, termed 'cultural epistasis', can cause abrupt paradigm shifts in societies, which are irreversible and resemble phase transitions.

## Contribution

The model introduces the concept of cultural epistasis and demonstrates its role in triggering sudden, irreversible paradigm shifts in cultural evolution.

## Key findings

- Cultural trait interactions induce abrupt paradigm shifts.
- Without trait interactions, cultural adaptation is smooth.
- Paradigm shifts are irreversible even if external conditions revert.

## Abstract

Every now and then the cultural paradigm of a society changes. Human history can be regarded as a sequence of long periods of cultural stasis punctuated by paradigm shifts that transform culture upside-down over the turn of a few generations. We propose here a population dynamics model devised to analyse paradigm shifts. In this model individuals are defined by a vector of cultural traits that can change mainly through imitation of other individuals' traits. The novelty of the model is that cultural traits may interact reinforcing or hindering each other. Imitation is then biased by the 'cultural fitness' landscape thus defined. Our main result is that abrupt paradigm shifts occur, as a response to weak changes in the landscape, only when cultural traits do interact---whereas adaptation is smooth if there is no interaction. Borrowing the genetic term, this interaction is called 'cultural epistasis'. The result is robust to the way that epistasis is implemented, to whether imitation is biased by homophily, or to changes in other model parameters. Finally, a relevant consequence of this dynamics is the irreversible nature of paradigm shifts: the old paradigm cannot be restored even if the external changes are undone. Our model puts the phenomenon of paradigm shifts in cultural evolution in the same category as catastrophic shifts in ecology or phase transitions in physics.