# A background estimator for jet studies in p+p and A+A collisions

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new background estimation method for jet studies in high-luminosity p+p and A+A collisions, improving jet transverse momentum resolution by 5-40% over existing techniques.

## Contribution

A novel data-driven background estimator for jet transverse momentum that reduces fluctuations by leveraging correlations within QCD jets, outperforming previous methods.

## Key findings

- Achieves 5-40% improvement in jet pT resolution.
- Validated against PYTHIA8 and JEWEL simulations with thermal backgrounds.
- Applicable to both proton-proton and heavy-ion collision environments.

## Abstract

Experimentally, jet physics studies face an unavoidable task: distinguishing, at the detector level, the particles produced in the hard partonic scattering from the ones created in unrelated soft processes such as pileup interactions in high-luminosity proton-proton scattering or the underlying event in heavy-ion collisions. The fluctuating nature of the background constitutes the main source of uncertainty for any subtraction algorithm. Aiming at mitigating the effect of such fluctuations, we present a new method to estimate the background contribution to the transverse momentum on a jet-by-jet basis. Our approach is based on estimating the median background momentum density stored above a $p_{\rm T}$-cut applied at the constituent level and an experimentally accessible correction term related to the signal contribution below the cut. This allows to trade part of the uncertainty due to background contamination for that of the signal below the cut, similarly to SoftKiller method. We propose to reduce the fluctuations of the latter by exploiting intrinsic correlations among the soft and hard sectors of QCD jets. Our data-driven approach is tested against PYTHIA8 and JEWEL di-jet events embedded in a thermal background and compared to the area-median and SoftKiller methods. The main result of this study is a $\sim 5\!-\!40\%$ improvement on the resolution of the reconstructed jet $p_T$ compared to previous methods in a high-luminosity proton-proton scenario. Its applicability in a heavy-ion context is also discussed.