# Measured reduction in Alfv\'en wave energy propagating through longitudinal gradients scaled to match solar coronal holes

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that longitudinal Alfvén speed gradients in plasma significantly reduce wave energy, with experiments showing a fivefold energy loss in conditions similar to solar coronal holes, challenging existing theoretical expectations.

## Contribution

First experimental measurement of Alfvén wave energy reduction due to longitudinal gradients scaled to solar coronal holes, with analysis ruling out mode coupling, reflection, and nonlinear effects as causes.

## Key findings

- Alfvén wave energy decreases with increasing inhomogeneity parameter.
- Waves lose about five times more energy in gradients similar to coronal holes.
- No detectable reflected waves or mode coupling observed.

## Abstract

We have explored the effectiveness of a longitudinal gradient in Alfv\'en speed in reducing the energy of propagating Alfv\'en waves under conditions scaled to match solar coronal holes. The experiments were conducted in the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles. Our results show that the energy of the transmitted Alfv\'en wave decreases as the inhomogeneity parameter, $\lambda/L_{\rm A}$, increases. Here, $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the Alfv\'en wave and $L_{\rm A}$ is the scale length of Alfv\'en speed gradient. For gradients similar to those in coronal holes, the waves are observed to lose a factor of $\approx 5$ more energy than they do when propagating through a uniform plasma without a gradient. We have carried out further experiments and analyses to constrain the cause of wave energy reduction in the gradient. The loss of Alfv\'en wave energy from mode coupling is unlikely, as we have not detected any other modes. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the reduction in the energy of the transmitted wave is not accompanied by a detectable reflected wave. Nonlinear effects are ruled out as the amplitude of the initial wave is too small and the wave frequency well below the ion cyclotron frequency. Since the total energy must be conserved, it is possible that the lost wave energy is being deposited in the plasma. Further studies are needed to explore where the energy is going.