Super-resolution microscopy via ptychographic structured modulation of a diffuser

TL;DR

This paper introduces ptychographic structured modulation (PSM), a super-resolution microscopy technique that uses a diffuser to encode high-resolution information into images, enabling resolution beyond the diffraction limit.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel coherent imaging method that achieves super-resolution by modulating light with a diffuser and employing ptychographic phase retrieval, independent of sample thickness.

Findings

Achieves 4.5-fold resolution gain over diffraction limit.

Can obtain super-resolution with as few as 30 images.

Applicable to coherent light, X-ray, and electron imaging.

Abstract

We report a new coherent imaging technique, termed ptychographic structured modulation (PSM), for quantitative super-resolution microscopy. In this technique, we place a thin diffuser (i.e., a scattering lens) in between the sample and the objective lens to modulate the complex light waves from the object. The otherwise inaccessible high-resolution object information can thus be encoded into the captured images. We then employ a ptychographic phase retrieval process to jointly recover the exit wavefront of the complex object and the unknown diffuser profile. Unlike the illumination-based super-resolution approach, the recovered image of our approach depends upon how the complex wavefront exits the sample - not enters it. Therefore, the sample thickness becomes irrelevant during reconstruction. After recovery, we can propagate the super-resolution complex wavefront to any position along the optical axis. We validate our approach using a resolution target, a quantitative phase target, a two-layer sample, and a thick PDMS sample. We demonstrate a 4.5-fold resolution gain over the diffraction limit. We also show that a 4-fold resolution gain can be achieved with as few as ~30 images. The reported approach may provide a quantitative super-resolution strategy for coherent light, X-ray, and electron imaging.