# A large disparity in cosmic reference frames determined from the sky distributions of radio sources and the microwave background radiation

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the discrepancy in the observer's velocity derived from the cosmic microwave background radiation and radio source distributions, revealing a significant disparity that challenges the cosmological principle.

## Contribution

It provides the first analysis of the dipole in the TGSS radio source dataset, confirming the large disparity in cosmic reference frames observed in previous surveys.

## Key findings

- Observer's velocity from CMBR is about 370 km/s.
- Velocity from NVSS radio sources is roughly four times larger.
- TGSS data also shows a significant disparity in reference frames.

## Abstract

The angular distribution of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) in sky shows a dipole asymmetry, ascribed to the observer's motion (peculiar velocity of the solar system!), relative to the local comoving coordinates. The peculiar velocity thus determined turns out to be $370$ km s$^{-1}$ in the direction RA$=168^{\circ}$, Dec$=-7^{\circ}$. On the other hand, a dipole asymmetry in the sky distribution of radio sources in the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) catalog, comprising 1.8 million sources, yielded a value for the observer's velocity to be $\sim 4$ times larger than the CMBR value, though the direction turned out to be in agreement with that of the CMBR dipole. This large difference in observer's speeds with respect to the reference frames of NVSS radio sources and of CMBR, confirmed since by many independent groups, is rather disconcerting as the observer's motion with respect to local comoving coordinates should be independent of the technique used to determine it. A genuine difference in relative speeds of two cosmic reference frames could jeopardize the cosmological principle, thence it is crucial to confirm such discrepancies using independent samples of radio sources. We here investigate the dipole in the sky distribution of radio sources in the recent TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS) dataset, comprising 0.62 million sources, to determine observer's motion. We find a significant disparity in observer's speeds relative to all three reference frames, determined from the radio source datasets and the CMBR, which does not fit with the cosmological principle, a starting point for the standard modern cosmology.