# Toroidal modes in nuclei by inelastic electron scattering

## TL;DR

This paper develops a detailed theoretical framework for calculating toroidal nuclear modes using inelastic electron scattering, enabling future experimental comparisons.

## Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive method for calculating low-lying toroidal modes in nuclei within the Skyrme QRPA framework, addressing previous assumptions in cross section expressions.

## Key findings

- Framework for calculating toroidal modes established
- Method enables comparison with future (e,e') experiments
- Addresses limitations of previous cross section formulas

## Abstract

Electron scattering is a tool that can provide relatively clean view of the nuclear structure in both ground and excited states, as it depends on the well-known electromagnetic interaction. But since the common expressions for its cross section were derived with certain assumptions, in this paper we describe several nontrivial steps necessary for a proper theoretical calculation within the current density-functional framework, namely with Skyrme QRPA for axial nuclei, with aim to enable comparison of the theoretically predicted low-lying $1^-$ toroidal modes with future (e,e') experiments.