# Normal and abnormal electron-hole pairs in a voltage-pulse-driven quantum conductor

## TL;DR

This paper classifies electron-hole pairs in a quantum conductor driven by voltage pulses into normal and abnormal types, revealing their different excitation behaviors and effects on counting statistics, depending on pulse flux and width.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel classification of electron-hole pairs based on their flux dependence and analyzes their distinct excitation probabilities and statistical features.

## Key findings

- Normal pairs' excitation probability saturates at high flux.
- Abnormal pairs exhibit flux-dependent oscillations.
- Full counting statistics differ for integer and noninteger fluxes.

## Abstract

Electron-hole pairs can be excited coherently in a quantum conductor by applying voltage pulses on its contact. We find that these electron-hole pairs can be classified into two kinds, whose excitation probabilities have different dependence on the Faraday flux of the pulse. Most of the pairs are of the first kind, which can be referred to as "normal" pairs. Their excitation probabilities increase nearly monotonically with the flux and saturate to the maximum value 1 when the flux is large enough. In contrast, there exist "abnormal" pairs, whose excitation probabilities can exhibit oscillations with the flux. These pairs can only be excited by pulses with small width. Due to the oscillation of the probabilities, the abnormal pairs can lead to different features in the full counting statistics of the electron-hole pairs for pulses with integer and noninteger fluxes.